慶応義塾大学 理工学部 傾向対策解答解説 2019

慶應義塾大学(慶応大学)理工学部の過去問２０１９年の解答・解説・全訳です。受験生の入試対策のためにプロ家庭教師が出題傾向を分析実況します。

【英語の試験構成　長文３本＋文法１本】
慶應義塾大学理工学部の英語の試験構成は、伝統的に長文読解３問＋文法１本で安定しています。読解力と文法力がそれぞれ区別して評価される試験です。問題数は少なめで、先に文法問題を仕上げてから、読解問題に取り組むのが定石です。

【英語の出典　科学技術(テクノロジー)系大半】
慶應義塾大学理工学部の英語の出典は、科学技術(テクノロジー)についての文章が大半です。理系受験者は、日本語の科学用語はすでに理解しているはずなので、合わせて英語訳を積極的に覚えておきたいです。

【ほぼマークシート　英作文とリスニングなし】
慶應義塾大学理工学部の解答は、ほぼマークシートで、一部に英単語のスペルを記入します。英作文対策やリスニング対策は必要ありません。


【プロ家庭教師　理工学部対策講座】
慶應義塾大学(慶応大学)理工学部への合格対策カリキュラムをプロ家庭教師に指導依頼できます。


【大学】：慶應義塾大学(慶応大学)
【学部】：理工学部
【得点】：１５０点/５００点満点
【募集人員】：６５０名
【試験年度】：２０１９年
【試験日程】：０２月１２日
【試験時間】：９０分
【検定料金】：３５０００円


【大問】：１
【形式】：適語補充＋文章理解
【表題】：円環時間は科学技術の病気を癒すか　Is Cyclical Time the Cure to Technology's Ills.
【作者】：スティーブン・ナッシュ　Stephen Nash
【対策】：説明文。文章を読み進めながら適語補充し、まとめて内容理解が問われます。文章内容は、科学技術(テクノロジー)がどのように私たちの時間感覚を変化させたのか分析しています。２つの時間感覚である直線時間(linear time)と円環時間(cyclical time)が比較されています。
【用語】：科学技術(テクノロジー)　生命進化　円環時間
【目安時間】：３０分

【大問】：２
【形式】：適語補充＋文章理解＋発音アクセント
【表題】：真実写真と偽造写真デジタル時代のメディア像と倫理　Phototruth or Photofiction Ethics and Media Imagery in the Digital Age
【作者】：トム・ウィーラー　Tom Wheeler
【対策】：説明文。文章を読み進めながら適語補充し、まとめて内容理解が問われます。発音アクセントの出題もありますので、対策しておきましょう。文章内容は、写真と真実の関係を考察した文章です。筆者はなぜ人間が写真を真実と信じるようになるのか、いくつかの要因を分析しています。そして写真は言語と同じように、文脈に合わせて真実にも虚偽にもなりえると結論しています。
【用語】：真実　偽造写真　認識の誤り
【目安時間】：３０分

【大問】：３
【形式】：適語補充＋文章理解
【表題】：生徒たちの噂話
【作者】：---
【対策】：会話文。会話文独特の砕けた口語英語が多く、得点が乱高下しそうな問題です。文章内容は、生徒たちの噂話を通して、先生たちの情報が明らかにされます。事実と推測の違いを読解できるようになりましょう。
【用語】：事実確認　ゴシップ　噂話
【目安時間】：２０分

【大問】：４
【形式】：適語補充
【表題】：恐竜絶滅の隕石の後数年に生命は再復活した　From Life rebounded just years after the dinosaur-killing asteroid struck.
【作者】：キャサリン・コーネイ　Katherine Kornei
【対策】：説明文。文章を読み進めながら適語補充のみします。文脈に合わせて単語を活用できることがテーマになっています。
【用語】：恐竜　隕石　生命
【目安時間】：１０分

【大問１　読解問題】

次の英文を読み,設問に答えなさい。

The world changed ((い) drama) on June ２９, ２００７. That's the day when the iPhone first became available to the public. Smartphone technology has allowed billions of people to enter and participate in a new, cybernetic, complex, and rapid relationship with the world. With artificial intelligence, virtual reality, social media, and other mind-blowing developments, our technological world gets ever more interesting, changes ever faster, and, at least from my archaeological perspective, becomes ever more daunting.

The rapidity of technological change, and by extension our current relationship to time, is (　X　) of our species. The Industrial Revolution marks the beginning of a remarkably different era for us as a species, yet it occurred during the last ０.１ percent of our time on this planet. Humankind's relationship with technology, with change, and with time, is in ( １ ) territory. Our ancestors - the people who preceded us for ９９.９ percent of our species existence – would be terrified at the rapid rate of change we currently expect. [ A ] The question is, what does it all mean?

I can think of three points worth emphasizing. First, we should acknowledge that our current experience of time is unusual – it's getting more and more ( ２ ) and granular. Technology is supposed to make our lives easier and more pleasurable. As a result, we should have more leisure time, not less. But we don't. We complain when a ((ろ) fly) is an hour late, failing to marvel at the fact that we have just ((は) fly) ５００ miles in an hour. It wasn't so long ago - a century at most - that a ５００-mile trip took weeks, if not months, and was potentially life threatening. [B]

Second, we should recognize that the vast majority of people on Earth today believe time is linear, with one direction leading from past to present to future. [C] It's important to note that for most of our species' existence, humans understood time to be cyclical, with naturally ( ３ ) days, seasons, and years, all of which guided ((に) behave) and activities.

Finally, it would seem that we are addicted to "new and improved” technology, perhaps for its own sake. There are many reasons for this, including capitalist product development schedules, marketing campaigns, and modern consumer psychology. The archaeological record, however, very clearly shows us that “old and just fine” worked sustainably well for the vast majority of our species' existence. [D]

The ever-increasing rate of technological change in our lives has led to slavish adherence to ever more refined and precise slices of time in our lives. Keep in mind that such temporal dominance and precision has occurred only in the last few hundred years (since the Industrial Revolution), a ridiculously small sliver of our species' time on this planet. Our overscheduled, hyperprecise, Western approach to time doesn't allow us to stop and smell the roses, much less enjoy nature, think deeply, or learn a new hobby or skill. Cyclical time, on the other hand, is more fluid and not ( ４ ) to such time-crunching compaction. It is therefore amenable to a more relaxing way of life - one not dominated by technological change for its own sake. A return to cyclical time might just facilitate a return to a way of life for which our brains, heart, and souls evolved over hundreds and thousands of years.

Speaking of which, I think it's time for me to take a nap.


Stephen Nash. Is Cyclical Time the Cure to Technology's Ills.

[１]　空所（　１　）～（　４　）に入る最も適切な表現を選択肢１から４の中から選び、マークシートの解答欄[　１　]から[　４　]にマークしなさい。

(１)
１　uncharted
２　understanding
３　undertaking
４　urban

(２)
１　perfect
２　pleasant
３　precise
４　prolonged

(３)
１　recurring
２　recycling
３　resonating
４　roaring

(４)
１　sacred
２　superior
３　susceptible
４　sustainable



[２] 次の１~９の語(句)を文法的・内容的に最も適切な順序に並べかえて、(　X　)を完成させたとき、３番目にくるものの番号を解答欄[　５　]に、６番目にくるものの番号を解答欄[　６　]にマークしなさい。

１. ２００,０００-year
２. against
３. evolutionary
４. history
６. undeniably
７. unusual
８. viewed
９. when



[３] 下記の【　　】内の文が入る本文中の位置として最も適切なものを選択肢１~４の中から選び、マークシートの解答欄[　７　]にマークしなさい。

【But that's a recent cultural construct.】

１. [A]
２. [B]
３. [C]
４. [D]


[４] 次の文は英文全体の要旨を述べたものである。下記の空所(ア) ~ (コ)に入る表現として最も適切なものを選択肢１から４の中から選び、マークシートの解答欄[　８　]から[　１７　]にマークしなさい。

Although the (　ア　) of the smartphone and other new technologies has made our lives more (　イ　) and connected, the author finds this unsettling. He suggests that it is worthwhile to stand back and look at the larger (　ウ　) picture from (　エ　) perspective. Specifically, the author points out that the way most of us today value and perceive time - as (　オ　), and as becoming increasingly refined and (　カ　) - is an anomaly of the industrialized West, when placed within the (　キ　) history of the human species. For most of human history, time has been (　ク　), and it is the mode in which humans have evolved (　ケ　). The author suggests that we would benefit from returning to such a sense of time which allows for deeper thought, experience, and (　コ　).

(　ア　)
１. appeal
２. birth
３. exit
４. repeal

(　イ　)
１. efficient
２. excruciating
３. isolated
４. unhealthy

(　ウ　)
１. lunar
２. planetary
３. regional
４. solar

(　エ　)
１. an archaeologists
２. a psychologist's
３. a technician's
４. a time keeper's

(　オ　)
１. cyclical
２. linear
３. pleasurable
４. repetitive

(　カ　)
１: compressed
２. expansive
３. fluid
４. slavish

(　キ　)
１. big
２. medieval
３. recent
４. short

(　ク　)
１. cyclical
２. linear
３. pleasurable
４. repetitive

(　ケ　)
１. cyclically and linearly
２. linearly and psychologically
３. physiologically and spiritually
４. slavishly and spiritually

(　コ　)
１. addiction
２. doze
３. evacuation
４. relaxation


[５]　本文中の(　い　) ~ (　に　)の(　)内の語を必要に応じて適切な語形に書き直してなさい。ただし、語尾に"--ed"と"--ing"の付くものは不可とします。解答は解答用紙(記述式)に記入しなさい。

【大問１　読解問題　解答】
[１]
(１)　１
(２)　３
(３)　１
(４)　３

[２]
(５)　９
(６)　５

[３]
(７)　３

[４]
(８)　２
(９)　１
(１０)　２
(１１)　１
(１２)　２
(１３)　１
(１４)　１
(１５)　１
(１６)　３
(１７)　４

[５]
(い)　dramatically
(ろ)　flight
(は)　flown
(に)　behavior

【大問１　読解問題　解説】
説明文。文章を読み進めながら適語補充し、まとめて内容理解が問われます。

文章内容は、科学技術(テクノロジー)がどのように私たちの時間感覚を変化させたのか分析しています。２つの時間感覚である直線時間(linear time)と円環時間(cyclical time)が比較されています。


[２]
(５)　９
(６)　５

The rapidity of technological change, and by extension our current relationship to time, is undeniably unusual when viewed against the ２００,０００-year evolutionary history of our species.


[４]
(８)　２
(９)　１
(１０)　２
(１１)　１
(１２)　２
(１３)　１
(１４)　１
(１５)　１
(１６)　３
(１７)　４

Although the birth of the smartphone and other new technologies has made our lives more efficient and connected, the author finds this unsettling. He suggests that it is worthwhile to stand back and look at the larger planetary picture from an archaeologists perspective. Specifically, the author points out that the way most of us today value and perceive time - as linear, and as becoming increasingly refined and compressed - is an anomaly of the industrialized West, when placed within the big history of the human species. For most of human history, time has been cyclical, and it is the mode in which humans have evolved physiologically and spiritually. The author suggests that we would benefit from returning to such a sense of time which allows for deeper thought, experience, and relaxation.



【重要表現】

daunt ドーント 威圧する 意味解説例文

sliver スライバー 破片 意味解説例文

amenable アメナブル 素直な 意味解説例文

【大問１　読解問題 　完成文】

The world changed dramatically on June ２９, ２００７. That's the day when the iPhone first became available to the public. Smartphone technology has allowed billions of people to enter and participate in a new, cybernetic, complex, and rapid relationship with the world. With artificial intelligence, virtual reality, social media, and other mind-blowing developments, our technological world gets ever more interesting, changes ever faster, and, at least from my archaeological perspective, becomes ever more daunting.

The rapidity of technological change, and by extension our current relationship to time, is undeniably unusual when viewed against the ２００,０００-year evolutionary history of our species. The Industrial Revolution marks the beginning of a remarkably different era for us as a species, yet it occurred during the last ０.１ percent of our time on this planet. Humankind's relationship with technology, with change, and with time, is in uncharted territory. Our ancestors - the people who preceded us for ９９.９ percent of our species existence – would be terrified at the rapid rate of change we currently expect. The question is, what does it all mean?

I can think of three points worth emphasizing. First, we should acknowledge that our current experience of time is unusual – it's getting more and more precise and granular. Technology is supposed to make our lives easier and more pleasurable. As a result, we should have more leisure time, not less. But we don't. We complain when a flight is an hour late, failing to marvel at the fact that we have just flown ５００ miles in an hour. It wasn't so long ago - a century at most - that a ５００-mile trip took weeks, if not months, and was potentially life threatening.

Second, we should recognize that the vast majority of people on Earth today believe time is linear, with one direction leading from past to present to future. But that's a recent cultural construct. It's important to note that for most of our species' existence, humans understood time to be cyclical, with naturally recurring days, seasons, and years, all of which guided behavior and activities.

Finally, it would seem that we are addicted to "new and improved” technology, perhaps for its own sake. There are many reasons for this, including capitalist product development schedules, marketing campaigns, and modern consumer psychology. The archaeological record, however, very clearly shows us that “old and just fine” worked sustainably well for the vast majority of our species' existence.

The ever-increasing rate of technological change in our lives has led to slavish adherence to ever more refined and precise slices of time in our lives. Keep in mind that such temporal dominance and precision has occurred only in the last few hundred years (since the Industrial Revolution), a ridiculously small sliver of our species' time on this planet. Our overscheduled, hyperprecise, Western approach to time doesn't allow us to stop and smell the roses, much less enjoy nature, think deeply, or learn a new hobby or skill. Cyclical time, on the other hand, is more fluid and not susceptible to such time-crunching compaction. It is therefore amenable to a more relaxing way of life - one not dominated by technological change for its own sake. A return to cyclical time might just facilitate a return to a way of life for which our brains, heart, and souls evolved over hundreds and thousands of years.

Speaking of which, I think it's time for me to take a nap.

【大問１　読解問題 　全訳】
２００７年６月２９日に世界は劇的に変化しました。これは、アイフォン[アップル社製のスマートフォン]が初めて一般公開された日です。スマートフォン技術により、数十億人の人々が世界との新たなサイバネティック[人工知能＋機械工学]で複雑かつ迅速な関係へと参入することができました。人工知能、バーチャルリアリティ、ソーシャルメディア、その他の驚異的な開発により、私たちの技術世界はより面白くなり、変化はより速くなり、少なくとも私の考古学的な観点からは、ますます気が遠くなります。

技術変化の速さ、そして現在の時間との関係は、私たちの種の200,000年の進化史に照らして見ると、間違いなく異常です。産業革命は、種としての私たちにとって著しく異なる時代の始まりを示していますが、それはこの地球上で私たちの時間の最後の0.1パーセントの間に起こりました。人類とテクノロジーの変化との関係、そして時間との関係は、未知の領域にあります。私たちの祖先、つまり私たちの種の存在の99.9パーセントの間の私たちの前にいた人々は、私たちが現在期待する変化の急速な速度に、おびえているでしょう。問題は、それがすべて何を意味するのかということです。

強調する価値のある3点を考えることができます。まず、現在の時間経験が、異常であることを認識する必要があります。これはますます正確かつきめ細かくなっています。科学技術は、私たちの生活をより楽にし、より楽しいものにするはずです。結果として、私たちは余暇はもっと長くなるべきです。しかし、そうではありません。航空便が1時間遅れると不満を漏らし、1時間で500マイル飛行したという事実に驚かない。500マイルの旅行に、数ヵ月とはいかなくても、数週間はかかり、生命を脅かす可能性があったのは、それほど昔ではなく、せいぜい1世紀の昔でした。

第二に、今日の地球上の大多数の人々は、時間は線形であり、過去から現在へと、未来へと向かう一方向の運動を、信じていることを認識する必要があります。しかし、それは最近の文化的な構成物です。私たちの種の存在していたほとんどの時間、人間の時間は周期的であり、自然に繰り返される日、季節、年であり、そのすべてが行動と活動を誘導したことに注意することが重要です。

最後に、私たちは「新しい改良された」テクノロジーに、おそらくそれ自体のために、夢中になっているように思われます。これには多くの理由があり、資本家の製品開発の都合や、市場の販売促進活動や、現代の消費者心理などがあります。古代の記録は、私たちの種の存在の大部分にとって「古くて良い」が持続可能にうまく機能していたことを、非常に明確に示しています。

私たちの生活における技術変化の割合は、ますます増加しており、私たちの生活のより洗練されたより正確な時間断片への、奴隷的順守につながっています。このような時間感覚の優位性と精度は、この惑星での私たちの種の時間の、途方もなく小さな破片である過去数百年(産業革命以来)にのみ発生したことに、留意してください。私たちの詰めこみ式で、過度に正確な、西洋式の時間の扱いは、私たちがバラを足を止めて匂いを嗅ぐこと、自然を楽しむこと、深く考えること、または新しい趣味や知識技術を学ぶことを、許可しません。一方、円環時間は、より流動的であり、このような時間短縮の圧迫感の影響を受けません。したがって、それはより寛ぎのある生活様式の影響を受けやすく、技術変化それ自体のために支配されていません。周期的な時間への回帰は、私たちの脳、心臓、魂が、数百年、数千年にわたって進化した生き方への回帰を、促進するだけかもしれません。

そういえば、私は昼寝をする時間だと思います。

【大問２　読解問題】

次の英文を読み, 設問に答えなさい。

Any discussion of “manipulated” photography must begin with the recognition that photography itself is an inherent manipulation—a manipulation of light, a process with many steps and stages, all subject to the biases and interpretations of the photographer, printer, editor, or viewer. Photography is not absolute “reality.” It is not ①unqualified “truth.” It is not purely “objective." It was never any of those things, and it has been subject to distortion since its creation. Indeed, many of its earliest practitioners were more concerned with concocting* fantasy than documenting reality. (　A　)They were artists, not journalists.

Still, (　い　)throughout the century and a half of its existence, one branch of photography—the sometimes (　ろ　)loosely defined “photojournalism”—has acquired a special standing in the public mind, a confidence that a photo can reflect reality in a uniquely compelling and credible way. Indeed, public faith in the ②veracity of photography is almost as old as photography itself. In The Origins of Photojournalism in America, Michael Carlebach explains that even in the days when photographs were (　は　)typically transferred to woodcuts* or steel engravings* prior to printing, (　B　) viewers recognized their basis in photographic processes and regarded them as reliable depictions of actual events.

But why? Why has photography seemed so inherently realistic for so long? Much of the faith in mass-media imagery comes from average citizens' everyday experiences with personal photography. We point our cameras at our families, friends, and vacation sights, and view the prints as ③legitimate documents that “capture” the events and scenes in meaningful ways. Countless millions of us collect our photos in an albums and pass them ( １ ) to future generations, not only for entertainment or curiosity value but as evidence-proof of the way we once looked and the way the world once worked. As Dartmouth College professor Marianne Hirsch has said, “People say if there was a fire, the first thing they would save is their photo albums. We almost fear we'll lose our memories if we lose our albums.”

Arguments that photography is or is not “real” seem to a ④take for granted the idea that reality itself is purely objective. ( ２ ) a more sensible argument recognizes photography's inherent subjectivity as well as its undeniable potential for authenticity. As Richard Lacayo wrote in the June ８, １９９８ issue of Time: “Of the pleasures cameras give us, the transfiguration of plain reality is the most indispensable. It implies that the world is more than it seems—which, after all, it may well be. It's ( C )a paradox too lovely to ignore and too profound to solve."

Because photography has never been entirely ( ３ ), some critics may dismiss its objective qualities altogether. But despite its subjective aspects and its history of occasional manipulation, most people have considered misleading or distorted photos to be the exceptions, as evidenced by their use of common qualifiers such as “special effects," "staged," "doctored,” or “trick" photography. Readers already know, for example, that photographers or their subjects are capable ( ４ ) deception, that (　D　)reality is not literally black and white, and that a whole world exists outside the frame of a photograph. But none of these facts have (　に　) interfered with average readers' basic faith in, say, a black-and-white photo's ability to reflect aspects of the real world in ⑤revealing ways. After all, “phototruth” is not based on a reader's belief that photography is reality. ( ５ ), a photograph can be true in the way a sentence can be true. Viewers will believe in its truth as long as they believe it corresponds in a meaningful way to reality.

*concocting < concoct: ~をでっちあげる
*woodcuts: 木版画
*engravings: 金属版の版画

Tom Wheeler. Phototruth or Photofiction Ethics and Media Imagery in the Digital Age



[ １ ] 下線部① ~ ⑤の意味の説明として適切なものを選択肢１~４から選び、マークシートの解答欄[　１８　]~[　２２　]にマークしなさい。

①
１　limited
２　low-standard
３　unofficial
４　unquestionable

②
１　beauty
２　creativity
３　trustworthiness
４　variety

③
１　authentic
２　memorable
３　precious
４　regal

④
１　assume as natural
２　be influenced by
３　give thoughts on
４　question openly

⑤
１　illuminating
２　radical
３　silent
４　violent





[ ２ ]　空所(　１　)~(　５　)に入る最も適切な語を選択肢１~４の中から選び、マークシートの解答欄[　２３　]~[　２７　]にマークしなさい。


(１)
１　around
２　in
３　on
４　up

(２)
１　As a result
２　In other words
３　On the other hand
４　This is because

(３)
１　distorted
２　prejudiced
３　subjective
４　unbiased

(４)
１　for
２　of
３　to
４　with

(５)
１　Eventually
２　On the one hand
３　Rather
４　Thirdly



[３] 下線部(　A　)~(　D　)の表現が示唆している内容に最も近いものを、選択肢１~４の中からそれぞれ選び、 マークシートの解答欄[　２８　]~[　３１　]にマークしなさい。

(A)
１　Early photographers concentrated on taking pictures of high artistic value and did not photograph everyday lives of people.
２　Early photographers often made a living as artists rather than journalists.
３　Early photographers were aware of the subjective quality of photography and avoided using it for journalistic purposes.
４　Early photographers were mostly interested in taking fantastic photographs rather than capturing reality.

(B)
１　Viewers accepted that the photographers produced woodcuts and engravings for newspapers and magazines.
２　Viewers believed that the woodcuts and engravings in journalistic publications were faithful copies of photographs.
３　Viewers realized that woodcuts and engravings can be more reliable than photographs.
４　Viewers understood that the techniques of producing woodcuts and engravings were the same as those of photography.

(C)
１　the ability of photography to transform the seemingly subjective into the objective
２　the fact that photographic reality is both beautiful and not beautiful at the same time
３　the notion that reality is purely objective
４　the phenomenon in which an ordinary or everyday scene is turned into a special moment through photography

(D)
１　In reality, not all questions related to film-making can be given a clear-cut answer.
２　The real world cannot be fully represented in a photograph.
３　The real world can only be understood by a color photograph.
４　The real world is not merely about the good and the bad.


[４]　単語( い )~( に )の下線部の音が、それぞれの語群１~５の下線部の音と同じものを選び、 マークシートの解答欄[　３２　]~[　３５　]にマークしなさい。

(　い　)　throughout:
１clothe
２further
３soothe
４Thailand
５thesis

(　ろ　)　loosely:
１advise
２coarse
３hose
４pleasant
５species

(　は　)　typically:
１fiscal
２pint
３psychology
４rhyme
５seize

(　に　)　interfered:
１numerous
２occur
３pier
４rare
５refer

【大問２　読解問題　解答】

[１]
(１８)４
(１９)３
(２０)１
(２１)１
(２２)１

[２]
(２３)３
(２４)３
(２５)４
(２６)２
(２７)３

[３]
(２８)４
(２９)２
(３０)４
(３１)２

[４]
(３２)５
(３３)２
(３４)１
(３５)３

【大問２　読解問題　解説】
説明文。文章を読み進めながら適語補充し、まとめて内容理解が問われます。発音アクセントの出題もありますので、対策しておきましょう。

文章内容は、写真と真実の関係を考察した文章です。筆者はなぜ人間が写真を真実と信じるようになるのか、いくつかの要因を分析しています。そして写真は言語と同じように、文脈に合わせて真実にも虚偽にもなりえると結論しています。

Thomas H Wheeler. Phototruth Or Photofiction Ethics and Media Imagery in the Digital Age.

【大問２　読解問題 　完成文】
Any discussion of “manipulated” photography must begin with the recognition that photography itself is an inherent manipulation—a manipulation of light, a process with many steps and stages, all subject to the biases and interpretations of the photographer, printer, editor, or viewer. Photography is not absolute “reality.” It is not unqualified “truth.” It is not purely “objective." It was never any of those things, and it has been subject to distortion since its creation. Indeed, many of its earliest practitioners were more concerned with concocting fantasy than documenting reality. They were artists, not journalists.

Still, throughout the century and a half of its existence, one branch of photography—the sometimes loosely defined “photojournalism”—has acquired a special standing in the public mind, a confidence that a photo can reflect reality in a uniquely compelling and credible way. Indeed, public faith in the veracity of photography is almost as old as photography itself. In The Origins of Photojournalism in America, Michael Carlebach explains that even in the days when photographs were typically transferred to woodcuts or steel engravings prior to printing, viewers recognized their basis in photographic processes and regarded them as reliable depictions of actual events.

But why? Why has photography seemed so inherently realistic for so long? Much of the faith in mass-media imagery comes from average citizens' everyday experiences with personal photography. We point our cameras at our families, friends, and vacation sights, and view the prints as legitimate documents that “capture” the events and scenes in meaningful ways. Countless millions of us collect our photos in an albums and pass them on to future generations, not only for entertainment or curiosity value but as evidence-proof of the way we once looked and the way the world once worked. As Dartmouth College professor Marianne Hirsch has said, “People say if there was a fire, the first thing they would save is their photo albums. We almost fear we'll lose our memories if we lose our albums.”

Arguments that photography is or is not “real” seem to a take for granted the idea that reality itself is purely objective. On the other hand a more sensible argument recognizes photography's inherent subjectivity as well as its undeniable potential for authenticity. As Richard Lacayo wrote in the June ８, １９９８ issue of Time: “Of the pleasures cameras give us, the transfiguration of plain reality is the most indispensable. It implies that the world is more than it seems—which, after all, it may well be. It's a paradox too lovely to ignore and too profound to solve."

Because photography has never been entirely unbiased, some critics may dismiss its objective qualities altogether. But despite its subjective aspects and its history of occasional manipulation, most people have considered misleading or distorted photos to be the exceptions, as evidenced by their use of common qualifiers such as “special effects," "staged," "doctored,” or “trick" photography. Readers already know, for example, that photographers or their subjects are capable of deception, that reality is not literally black and white, and that a whole world exists outside the frame of a photograph. But none of these facts have interfered with average readers' basic faith in, say, a black-and-white photo's ability to reflect aspects of the real world in revealing ways. After all, “phototruth” is not based on a reader's belief that photography is reality. Rather, a photograph can be true in the way a sentence can be true. Viewers will believe in its truth as long as they believe it corresponds in a meaningful way to reality.

【重要表現】

可能の表現 can・able・possible・capable 解説例文

【大問２　読解問題 　全訳】

「捏造された」写真の議論は、写真自体が固有の捏造であるという認識から、始めなければなりません。光の操作、多くの工程と段階を伴う作業であり、すべての写真家、印刷業者、編集者、または読者の偏見と解釈の対象となります。写真は絶対的な「現実」ではありません。無条件の「真実」ではありません。純粋に「客観的」でもありません。それらは決して存在せず、その創造以来、歪曲を受けています。事実、初期の写真技術者の多くは、現実を記録するよりも、幻想を作り上げることに、関心がありました。彼らは報道記者ではなく芸術家でした。
それでも、その存在の半世紀にわたって、写真の一分野、時には大まかに定義された「報道写真」は、人々の心に特別な地位を獲得しました。写真は、独特で説得力があり信頼できる方法で、現実を反映できるという自信を持っています。確かに、写真の信憑性に対する世間の信仰は、写真そのものとほぼ同じくらい古いものです。アメリカの報道写真の発祥期に、マイケル・カールバッハは、写真が印刷前に木版画や鉄版刻印一般的に移された時代でさえ、視聴者は写真工程の基礎を認識し、実際の出来事の信頼できる描写と見なしたと説明しています。

しかしなぜでしょうか。なぜこれほど長い間、写真が本質的に現実的であると思われたのでしょうか。マスメディアの画像に対する信仰の多くは、一般市民の個人的な写真の日常経験に由来しています。私たちはカメラを、家族や友人や観光地に向けて、印刷物を証拠書類として見て、行事や場面を意味のある方法で「捕まえ」ます。私たちの数え切れないほどの数百万人は、写真をアルバムに集めて、娯楽や好奇心の価値のためだけでなく、かつて私たちがかつてどのように見えたいかやかつて世界がどのように動いていたかの証拠として、次世代に引き渡します。

ダートマス大学のマリアンヌ・ハーシュ教授は次のように述べています。「火災が発生した場合、人々が最初に保存するのは写真アルバムです。私たちの恐れのほとんどは、もしアルバムを失うと、思い出を失うということです」。写真が「本物」か、または「本物ではない」かという議論は、現実そのものが純粋に客観的であるという考えを、当たり前に受け止めているようです。一方、より賢明な議論は、写真の固有の主観性と、本物であることの否定できない可能性を認識しています。リチャード・ラカヨは、タイムの１９９８年６月８日号で次のように書いています。カメラが与えてくれる快感のうちで、平凡な現実の変貌こそ、捨てがたいものです。これは、世界が見た目以上のものであることを意味しています。つまり、それはもっと良いかもしもない。それは無視するには素敵すぎますし、解決するには深すぎるという逆説です」

写真は完全に偏見を取り除けないので、一部の批評家は、客観性という品質を完全に却下する場合があります。しかし、その主観的側面と時折の捏造の歴史にもかかわらず、ほとんどの人は「特殊効果」、「やらせ」、「整形」、「錯視」などの一般的な修飾語句の使用によって証明されるように、誤解を招くまたは歪んだ写真を、例外と見なしました。例えば、写真家やその被写体は欺かれやすく、現実は文字通り白黒ではなく、全世界は写真の枠外に存在することを、読者はすでに知っています。しかし、これらの事実は、平均的な読者の基本的な信念、例えば、白黒写真が現実世界の側面を反映し、暴露する能力を持っているという信念に、影響を与えていません。結局のところ「写真の真実」は写真が現実であるという読者の信念に基づいているわけではありません。写真は、文章が真実である方法で、真実でありえます。写真の視聴者は、真実に意味のある方法で対応していると信じる限り、その真実を信じます。

【大問３　会話文】

次の対話文を読み,設問に答えなさい。

Patrick: Morning sir! (energetically).

Mr. Hiyoshi: What? Oh, it's you. Hi. (walks off grumpily and restlessly).

Patrick: (turning towards Cecilia). Whoa! Someone got out of the wrong side of the bed.

Cecilia : Cut him some slack! Can't you see it's his “big" day?

Patrick: (looking puzzled). Big day? I don't know nothin' about a big day.

Cecilia : Geez, you're so naïve. Do I need to spell it out for you? Well, you know how Mr. Hiyoshi looks so happy and excited when he's talking to Ms. Yagami, you know, like the other day when we watched that movie in class? (Patrick nods vigorously). He was like: “I love Hachi, it's one of my favorite movies!" OK. Now do you also remember what the guys said they saw yesterday?

Patrick: Yeah, they said he was rehearsing his Shakespeare after class all alone in the Biology Room. What was it, like “Shall I compare thee* to a summer's day?"

Cecilia : No, no. Not that one. It was “Love is not love which alters when it alteration finds."　OK, and right now, just before you said hi to him, I saw him shoving a small box into his bag. So you do the math, and what?

Patrick: (gaping). He's gonna do it. He's gonna get down on one knee and say it. Three words, eight letters?

Cecilia : (rolling her eyes). That too, but more like four words, fourteen letters with a question mark at the end?

Patrick : You really think?

Cecilia : Oh no, I know for a fact.

Ms. Yagami : (appearing out of thin air, barges in the conversation). Enough speculating, you two! You've got it all wrong. Let me explain. (showing her left hand). Yes, I am getting married, but not to Mr. Hiyoshi. Actually, I've asked him to give a toast at the wedding party. We've been good friends - best friends.

Patrick: But I thought you said your best friend was...

Ms. Yagami : Who ever said “best friend” had to be in the singular?

Cecilia : But what's in the box, then?

Ms. Yagami : (smiling). It's what you think it is alright, just not for me. (showing her left hand again). Don't tell me you haven't seen him with Ms. Mita. And by the way, it's Valentine's Day in a couple of days, you know.

*thee = you


[１] 下線部 ① ~ ③ に関する以下の質問において、最も適切なものを選択肢１~４の中から選び、マークシートの解答欄[　３６　]~[　４０　]にマークしなさい。


１ In the context of this dialogue, “Someone got out of the wrong side of the bed” means that Mr. Hiyoshi

１　had a sore back
２　looked stiff
３　was in a bad mood
４　was still in his pajamas


２ In the context of this dialogue, “Cut him some slack” means

１　Cheer him on
２　Cut him off
３　Give him a piece of cake
４　Go easy on him


３ In the context of this dialogue, “to spell it out for you" means

１　to cast a spell on you
２　to explain it to you
３　to give you the spelling of “big day"
４　to repeat what I said to you


４ In the context of this dialogue, “do the math” does NOT mean

１　calculate the cost
２　put it all together
３　put the pieces together
４　work it out


５ In the context of this dialogue, “appearing out of thin air” means that Ms. Yagami

１　came down from upstairs
２　came out of nowhere
３　rang the doorbell
４　was out of breath


[２] 対話文の内容に一致するものを選択肢１~８から３つ選び,[　４１　]~[　４３　]にマークしなさい。ただし,解答の順序は問いません。


１　According to Cecilia, Shakespeare did not write a poem with the line “Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?"

２　Before Ms. Yagami interrupted, Cecilia believed that Mr. Hiyoshi and Ms. Yagami were in a serious relationship.

３　Cecilia thinks Patrick is clever.

４　Mr. Hiyoshi and Ms. Yagami get along with each other.

５　Mr. Hiyoshi is always mean to Patrick.

６　Mr. Hiyoshi will be bringing food to Ms. Yagami's wedding party.

７　Ms. Yagami implies that she has more than one best friend.

８　Ms. Yagami is getting married on Valentine's Day.



[３] 対話文に関する以下の質問に答えなさい。解答は解答用紙(記述式)に英語で記入しなさい。

(１) What verb beginning with “g” best describes what Patrick and Cecilia were doing before Ms. Yagami interrupted them? Complete the sentence provided on the answer sheet making sure that the verb is in its appropriate form.

(２) Based on the dialogue, what do you think the four words/fourteen letters are? You may not use punctuation marks such as commas (,), apostrophes ('), and exclamation marks (!) in your answer. Write your sentence in the space provided, leaving one space blank between words.

(３) Based on the dialogue, what do you think Mr. Hiyoshi is going to do with the content of the box? Complete the sentence provided on the answer sheet. You should use a verb beginning with “p” and also include a name of a person other than Mr. Hiyoshi.

【大問３　会話文　解答】
[１]
(３６)３
(３７)４
(３８)２
(３９)１
(４０)２

[２]
(４１)~(４３)
２　４　７　(順不同)

[３]
(１)guessing
(２)Will you marry me?
(３)present Ms.Mita chocolate

【大問３　会話文　解説】
会話文。会話文独特の砕けた口語英語が多く、得点が乱高下しそうな問題です。

文章内容は、生徒たちの噂話を通して、先生たちの情報が明らかにされます。事実と推測の違いを読解できるようになりましょう。


【重要表現】

out of thin air どこからともなく 意味解説例文

gape ゲイプ ぽかんと口を開く 意味解説例文

spell out スペルアウト 逐一話す 意味解説例文

cut some slack 大目に見る 意味解説例文

get out of the wrong side of the bed 意味解説

grumpily グランピリー 不機嫌に 意味解説例文

【大問３　会話文 　全訳】

パトリック：おはようございます。サー！（活発に）[sirは目上の相手に付ける英語の敬称です]

ミスターヒヨシ：なに？ああ、君かね。こんにちは。 (不機嫌に慌ただしく立ち去ります)

パトリック：（セシリアに向かって）。おっ！どうやらご機嫌斜めみたいですね。

セシリア：彼は大目に見てあげて！彼には「大事な日」なのがわからないの？

パトリック：（困惑して）。大事な日？何が大事なのかについてわからない。

セシリア：そうね、あなたはとてもウトいですね。[naiveで世の中の情報をあまり知らないという意味] あなたのために逐一話す必要がありますか？先日、クラスで映画を見たときのように、ヒヨシさんがヤガミさんと話しているとき、とても幸せで興奮している様子を覚えていますか？（パトリック激しくうなずく）。彼は「ハチ公が大好きで、私のお気に入りの映画の1つです！」と言っていました。さて、みんなが昨日見たこと言ったことを覚えていますか？

パトリック：ええ、彼らは、生物学室で一人で授業の後、シェークスピアを予行演習していると言っていました。「あなたを夏の日の眩しさと比較できますか」という感じでしたよね。

セシリア：いいえ、いいえ。それじゃない。それは「ものごとの移ろいを見て、自らも移ろう愛、それはもとより愛ではない」 いい、そして今、あなたが彼に挨拶する直前に、私は彼が、彼のバッグに小さな箱を押し込んでいるのを見ました。

パトリック：（ぽかんとして）彼はあれをするつもりですね。彼は片膝をついてあれを言うつもりです。 3つの単語、8文字？

セシリア：（目を回して）それも、4語のように、最後に疑問符が付いた14文字ですか？

パトリック：本当にそう思う？

セシリア：ああ、それは真実です。

ミズヤガミ：（どこからともなく現れて、会話に割り込む）噂話はそこまでです。あなたはすべて間違っています。説明させてください。 （彼女は左手を見せます）はい、結婚していますが、ヒヨシさんとは結婚していません。実際、私は彼に結婚式のパーティーで乾杯をするように頼みました。私たちは友人、いえ親友です。

パトリック：しかし、あなたはあなたの親友は...

ミズヤガミ：「親友」が単数形である必要があると、誰も言っていませんよね。

セシリア：では、何が箱に入っているのでしょうか？

ミズヤガミ：（微笑む）。それはあなたが思うもので結構
です。ただ私のためではないわ。（再び彼女の左手を見せます）。三田さんと彼を見たことがないとは、言わせないわ。ちなみに、あと数日後にはバレンタインよね。

【大問４　読解問題】

和文の内容とほぼ同じ意味になるように,指定された文字から始まる適切な１語を空所 １~６に入れて, 英文を完成させなさい。解答は解答用紙(記述式)に記入しなさい。

When a １０-kilometer-wide asteroid hit the Gulf of Mexico ６６ million years ago, it drove over ７５% of Earth's species to (e ), including dinosaurs. But within just a few years, life returned to the submerged , (i ) crater, according to a new analysis of sediments in the crater. Tiny marine creatures flourished thanks to the (c ) of nutrient-rich water. That return of life could offer lessons in how marine ecosystems might recover after the dramatic shifts caused by climate change, the researchers suggest. Gareth Collings at Imperial College London, who was not involved in the research, a (c ) that the new findings reveal "how resilient life can be" and that such a rapid recovery is “remarkable." Indeed, some scientists hypothesize that life might only slowly creep back into , (i ) craters, perhaps because of (t) metals such as mercury and lead (s ) by the collision. In fact, the ８５-kilometer Chesapeake Bay crater was devoid of life for thousands of years.

６,６００万年前,メキシコ湾に幅１０キロメートルの小惑星が衝突したとき,それは恐竜を含め地球上の７５%の生物 種を絶滅へと追いやった。しかし, クレーターの堆積物の新たな分析によると,その後数年以内には水没した衝突クレーターに生命が蘇っていたようだ。微細な海洋生物が栄養豊富な水の循環によって繁殖したのである。

その生命の再起は,気候変動による急激な変化から海洋生態系がいかに回復できるかについての手がかりを 与えうると,研究者らは語る。

今回の研究には関与していなかったインペリアル・カレッジ・ロンドンのギャ レス・コリングスは,この新たな発見は「生命がいかに回復力があるか」を示しており,このような急速な回復 は「異例だ」と意見を述べている。

実際一部の科学者は,おそらく衝突によって拡散される水銀や鉛などの 有毒な金属のために,生命は緩やかにしか衝突クレーターに戻らないものなのではないかとの仮説を立てて
ピーク湾の８５キロメートルのクレーターでは,何千年にもわたり生命は存在しなかった。

Katherine Kornei. From Life rebounded just years after the dinosaur-killing asteroid struck.

【大問４　適語補充　解答】

(　１　)　extinction
(　２　)　impact
(　３　)　circulation
(　４　)　comments (commented)
(　５　)　toxic
(　６　)　scattered