【大問１ 読解問題】
次の英文を読み、（１）から（１０）の設問について最も適切なものを選択肢１～４から選び、その番号をマークシートの解答欄[ １ ]～[ １０ ]にマークしなさい。
The １９th-century image of the factory persists (１) many people. They were dark, smoky places where underpaid workers, many only children, spent long hours at unsafe machines. To the philosopher Friedrich Engels, factory work was “nothing less than torture of the severest kind ... in the service of a machine that never stops.” His colleague, Karl Marx, wrote this: (５) "In * manufacture and handicrafts, the workman makes use of a tool; in the factory, the machine makes use of him.” And yet ever since the Lombe brothers opened their silk ** mill in northern England in １７２１, there has been another, brighter vision of the factory, too. Their mill was probably the first successful model of the modern factory. It had a square, prison-like appearance copied by many thousands of its successors, and it contained “a large workforce engaged in coordinated production using powered machinery.” Visiting the Lombe mill, the writer Daniel Defoe saw it as a modern wonder. He detailed the amount of silk thread it could produce: ２９１,２４０,９３５.４２ meters in ２４ hours.
After Defoe came a long line of “factory tourists,” including the １９th-century writer Anthony Trollope, who observed that educated people like him came to see “the triumphant perfection of British mechanism” rather than the exhausted child laborers nearby. The truth was that people at this time had a love-hate relationship with factories. For example, Marx's (２) capitalism had specific roots in the booming textile factories of northern England, where the harsh treatment of workers outraged him.
Other writers, however, saw well-regulated factories as agents of social progress. It was the factory worker who drew the attention of lawmakers—the British government passed five socially-progressive Factory Acts between １８０２ and １８３１ — while the often harsher conditions of agricultural laborers, domestic servants, and coal miners were ignored. Factories were easier to control and improve. They concentrated employment in a single building, where workers had to obey an almost military discipline. Factories became a symbol not only of ever-greater productivity and the abundance of goods, but at the same time they represented the idea that a more humane version of capitalism was possible.
It was during this time that the material world became “factory made.” There was great technical progress, but the "factory effect" was not limited to technical achievements alone. Nor was it felt in just a single nation. The factory effect touched many aspects of life-economic, political, cultural and social-around the globe.
Women have an important role in this story, particularly after factories were established in the United States. In New England, water-powered cotton mills were (３) riverbanks that were often far from any large cities. Separated from urban temptations, these mills enjoyed a more wholesome reputation than their smoky British ancestors, but like British textile factories, they (４) female labor to operate the machinery. However, unlike typical English factory girls, the American workforce tended to be the literate daughters of farmers: they returned to their family homes during downturns in trade rather than staying in their factory lodgings and making trouble as their English counterparts often did.
Some mill owners did their best to create an atmosphere to improve workers' character. The Lowell mills in New England even published a magazine of poetry and fiction for workers. But what did more to change the lives of the mill women was money—that and a period of independence and self-discovery between being daughters and becoming wives. “The mills ... provided an escape from families, rural life, boredom, and isolation, a chance to experience a new, more cosmopolitan world of independent living, abundant goods, and intense social interactions,” one woman said. She remembered how their first wages could transform “modest, depressed” girls into women who looked you in the face and sang happily among the machines.
This was the factory effect at its gentlest. It showed its more brutal side as the １９th-century moved on. Owners often refused to improve the hellish conditions in mills and used violence to break up workers' strikes and deny them their civil rights. In industries such as steel, oil, and transport, powerful monopolies were created to keep prices high and wages low. We associate industrialization with the rise of individual liberty and free markets, but factories often did best in opposite conditions, profiting most when workers' civil liberties were denied and owners' absolute control of markets was maintained.
* manufacture：＜古＞the making of goods and articles by hand
** mill：factory (cotton, steel, silk, textile, etc.)
Joshua Freeman. Behemoth A History of the Factory and the Making of the Modern World.
(i) In the context of this passage, choose the most suitable expression to fill in each blank.
(１) The answer is: [ １ ]
１ in the minds of
２ to the delight of
３ by the light of
４ from the efforts of
(２) The answer is: [ ２ ]
１ praise for
２ indifference to
３ faith in
４ criticism of
(３) .The answer is: [ ３ ]
１ made good by
２ put down to
３ shut off along
４ set up on
(４) The answer is: [ ４ ]
１ ruled out
２ skipped over
３ depended on
４ struck down
(ii) In the context of this passage, choose the best answer for each question.
(５) Based on the underlined quotation (５) "In manufacture and handicrafts, the workman makes use of a tool; in the factory, the machine makes use of him," with which one of the following would Karl Marx agree? The answer is: [ ５ ]
１ Engels was mistaken about the very nature of factory work
２ Factory-produced goods had been replaced by handicrafts
３ A sense of human dignity is achieved by factory workers
４ Factories transform workers into the parts of a machine
(６) What did Anthony Trollope observe about “factory tourists”? The answer is that they [ ６ ]
１ tended to ignore workers and focus on the machines instead
２ disagreed with Daniel Defoe's view of the Lombe silk mill
３ had a negative view of the factory's contribution to society
４ were not impressed by awe-inspiring production numbers
(７) Why was it easy for lawmakers to focus on the factory worker? The answer is: [ ７ ]
１ Factory owners paid higher taxes than land or mine owners
２ The factory brought a large workforce together in one place
３ Factory workers were spread throughout the countryside
４ Factories had become a symbol of increasing productivity
(８) Which one of the following is NOT a reason that the cotton mills of New England enjoyed a more wholesome reputation than British textile mills? The answer is: [ ８ ]
１ The mills were often built far away from the cities
２ Workers could go home during downturns in trade
３ American mill owners paid workers higher wages
４ They were less smoky than their British ancestors
(９) Which one of the following is the most appropriate title for this passage? The answer is: [ ９ ].
１ English Culture and Society: the Role of the Factory
２ How the World Became Factory Made in the １９th-Century
３ The Factory System as the Gentle Face of Capitalism
４ The Global Economic Effects of the Rise of the Factory
(１０) What is one effect that working in the New England cotton mills had on the lives of mill women? The answer is: [ １０ ]
１ It forced them into increased social isolation
２ It taught them an almost military discipline
３ It allowed them to marry at a younger age
４ It relieved them from the boredom of rural life
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