【問題４ 長文読解】
Read the article below and answer the questions that follow.
[A] Some countries have taken radical steps toward drug rehabilitation, implicitly recognizing that not all addicts can be cured of drug dependency. Several European countries prescribe and administer, with supervision, heroin to a small number of addicts who prove resistant to other treatments. These programs allow some addicts to satisfy their drug dependency without harming themselves through overuse and without resorting to other crimes, such as robbery and burglary, to obtain drugs.
[B] Researchers credit the heroin-assisted treatment program in Switzerland, the first national scheme of its kind, with reductions in drug-related crimes and improvements in the social functioning of addicts. But some supporters of the so-called “war on drugs” argue that these programs give the false impression that drug habits can be managed safely, which could weaken the social stigma surrounding drug use and lead more people to try dangerous drugs.
[C] Drug policy experts point out that there are several ways to legalize a drug. For example, in a January 2015 report about marijuana legalization for the Vermont legislature, some of the top drug policy experts in the US outlined several alternatives, including allowing possession and growing but not sales, allowing distribution only within small private clubs, or having the state government operate the supply chain and sell marijuana.
[D] Many drug policy experts argue that the criminalization of drug possession is flawed and has contributed to the massive rise of prison numbers in the US. To these experts, the answer is decriminalizing all drug possession while keeping selling and supplying illegal-a scheme that would, in theory, keep nonviolent drug users out of prison but still let the police go after illegal supplies.
[E] A 2009 report found that after Portugal decriminalized all drugs, people were more willing to seek out rehabilitation programs. Glenn Greenwald, who authored the report, wrote: “The most substantial barrier to offering treatment to the addict population was the addicts' fear of arrest. A major justification for decriminalization was that it would break down that barrier, enabling effective treatment options to be offered to addicts once they no longer feared prosecution. Moreover, decriminalization freed up resources that could be channeled into treatment and other harm-reduction programs."
[F] Some drug policy reform advocates and experts, however, are critical of the decriminalization of drug use. Isaac Campos, a drug historian at the University of Cincinnati, has argued that the black market might even be encouraged because more people might try using drugs if they no longer feared arrest. He said, "we don't know if that's the case, but it's possible.”
(45) Which of the following statements can be made with the most certainty on the basis of paragraph [A]?
1. In some countries, it is thought that some drug addicts can never stop taking drugs.
2. In some countries, the number of heroin addicts has greatly increased.
3. Only those addicts who refuse other treatments are prescribed heroin.
4. Many of those who receive treatment for drugs go back to committing crimes.
(46) Which of the following best restates the objection made to the scheme in Switzerland, as discussed in paragraph [B]?
1. The program may reduce crime but will cause drug production to increase.
2. The results of the Swiss scheme are impressive but unreliable.
3. More people may try dangerous drugs if they think drug use is generally accepted.
4. Only safe drug habits should be permitted by society.
(47) Which of the following best represents the arguments made by supporters of drug decriminalization in paragraph [D]?
1. Decriminalization would increase the number of prisoners but better control the availability of drugs.
2. Decriminalization would reduce the number of prisoners and still control the availability of drugs.
3. Decriminalization would only apply to drug users who are not violent.
4. Decriminalization would make it easier to arrest drug users for possession.
(48) What is the main point made by the author in paragraph [E]?
1. Portuguese addicts are afraid of receiving treatment.
2. Approaches like that taken by Portugal are expensive but effective.
3. Addicts in Portugal sought help when they were no longer in danger of punishment.
4. Portugal offers a range of treatment programs to drug addicts.
[G] Jeffrey Miron, an economist at Harvard University, supports full legalization, which would include the legalization of sales, even if it means the commercialization of drugs that are currently illegal. This, he said, is the only complete answer to eliminating the black market as a source of revenue for violent criminal groups.
[H] However, Mark Kleiman, one of the leading drug experts in the country, said full legalization could foster and encourage more problem drug users. For-profit drug businesses, just like alcohol and tobacco companies, would prefer heavy users, because the heavy users tend to buy much more of their product. In Colorado's legal marijuana market, for example, the heaviest 30 percent of users make up nearly 90 percent of demand for marijuana. “They are an industry with a set of objectives that flatly contradicts public interest,” Kleiman said.
[I] Miron argued that even if sales are legalized, drugs could be taxed and regulated similarly to or more harshly than tobacco and alcohol. “You could absolutely legalize drugs and have restrictions on commercialization,” Miron said. “Those should be separate questions.”
[J] Kleiman argued that the alcohol model has clear pitfalls. Some experts consider alcohol to be one of the most dangerous drugs. It causes health problems that kill tens of thousands each year and is often linked to violent crime.
[K] On the other hand, those who support the drug war point to evidence that it increases prices and decreases accessibility far beyond taxes and regulation could. A 2014 study by Jon Caulkins, a drug policy expert at Carnegie Mellon University, found that prohibition multiplies drug prices by as much as 10 times, so legalization—by eliminating prohibition could make drugs considerably cheaper.
[L] Decriminalization, then, is a ( X ). It would necessarily permit a certain amount of drug use in society. However, it would reduce the levels of imprisonment while continuing operations that seek to reduce drug sales by gangs and hopefully make a drug habit less dangerous. This is a common refrain of drug policy that is repeated again and again by experts: a perfect solution doesn't exist, so policy making should focus on picking the best of many bad options. There are problems related to freedom, pleasure, health, crime, and public safety. We can focus on one or two of those—maybe even three with different drugs. But we have to pay the piper somewhere.
(Adapted from German Lopez ed., “The war on drugs, explained,” Vox.)
(49) Taking paragraphs [G] through [J] together, which of the following best represents the point of the greatest disagreement between Jeffrey Miron and Mark Kleiman?
1. whether relying on the market is the best way to solve the drug problem
2. whether black markets can be completely replaced by legitimate industries
3. whether companies marketing newly-legalized drugs should be regulated strictly
4. whether alcohol can be considered as dangerous as currently illegal drugs
(50) — (55) On the basis of this article, which of the individuals or groups marked (1-6) in the most likely to make each of the remarks in (50) —(55)? All choices must be used.
(50) One idea is that the state itself should make drugs available.
(51) If drug addicts stop being afraid, they can be cured.
(52) If you want to stop gangs profiting from drugs, you must make them easily available.
(53) If drugs were no longer illegal, drug prices would be much lower.
(54) If using drugs were no longer illegal, more people would possibly use them.
(55) If selling drugs were no longer illegal, some people would use more of them.
1. Experts reporting to the Vermont legislature
2. Glenn Greenwald
3. Isaac Campos
4. Jeffrey Miron
5. Mark Kleiman
6. Jon Caulkins
(56) — (57) A portion of paragraph [L] marked by the bracketed space ( X ) has been removed from the text and the words that make it up are rearranged below in alphabetical order. Determine the original order and mark the numbers of the third and eighth words as the answers to questions (56) and (57), respectively, on your answer sheet.
0. war
1. the
2. reforming
3. on
4. of
5. in
6. drugs
7. compromise
8. bit
9. a
(58) Which of the following best expresses the meaning of the underlined phrase "we have to pay the piper somewhere” in paragraph [L]?
1. we must ask some people to shoulder the burden on behalf of the others
2. we cannot obtain all benefits but should enjoy those we have
3. we cannot resolve all problems and must live with some
4. we cannot resolve all problems ourselves and must seek for outside assistance
German Lopez. The War on Drugs. 2016.
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