【大問１ 読解問題】
Read the following article and answer the questions as indicated.
Paragraph１ When President Donald Trump proposed to reduce the deficit by eliminating funding for the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), many people in the US supported his suggestion. Surprisingly, even some people in the art world agreed. Indeed, similar arguments have been put forward by art critics in other countries, including the UK. As the world's governments continue to [ １ ] the debts left by the ２００８ financial crisis, this issue has become increasingly visible.
Paragraph２ State support for the arts hardly discourages charitable giving by the private sector. In １９９６ the NEA gave about ３９０,０００ dollars to the Metropolitan Opera of New York, but this amount accounts for only ０.２９% of its annual income of １３３ million dollars. Besides, other museums and cultural organizations have had some notable successes in raising funds, in the next year, the New York Public Library raised ４３０ million dollars and the Metropolitan Museum of Art raised ３００ million dollars. Even in countries where state support for the arts is strong, it is not impossible to privately support cultural institutions. Glyndebourne, which hosts an annual opera festival in East Sussex in the UK, for example, is said to rely solely on private funding. [ ２ ]
Paragraph３ In many countries, private support for the arts and culture is sufficient to make government funding unnecessary. Rather than direct funding for the arts, what is needed is a set of tax rules that quietly [ ３ ] them, allowing corporations and individuals to act freely. For example, the tax-free charitable status of cultural institutions in the US and the UK already offers important financial assistance. However, cultural institutions can be encouraged to reach out to individual and corporate donors, who could be further rewarded through tax breaks. This is why some economists have claimed that governments can best support the arts by leaving them alone.
Paragraph４ Furthermore, state support for the arts has a negative effect on the quality of art itself. Since funding is allocated under political direction, politics inevitably influences both fairness and creativity in the art world. Typically, state funding usually goes to well-connected or well-established artists and institutions rather than to talented newcomers and outsiders. Besides, artists are encouraged to produce art that will successfully pass the application process for a grant rather than to create art for art's sake. This leads to unadventurous attitudes among artists, and ultimately to [ ４ ]; for example, in the nineteenth century, the French Academy happily dismissed the new painting style called Impressionism.
Paragraph５ Artists flourish best when they are challenged. Lack of appreciation and financial difficulties did not prevent Van Gogh from creating his masterpieces, and we can expect that even as this article goes to print, many [ ５ ] icons of art are working away in poverty, or at least in obscurity. Indeed, it is in the nature of great art that it often goes unrecognized at the moment of its creation. Future success cannot be guaranteed by state support, nor by social media, but by the considered verdict of future generations of critics.
Paragraph６ By contrast, there are in fact plenty of wealthy individuals who are prepared to support less famous but talented artists. This kind of patronage system has existed for centuries. Sponsors today continue to provide not only money but also a studio and materials, thereby enabling artists to concentrate on their work. Thus, these modern patrons allow artists much greater freedom [ ６ ]. According to Wayne Lawson, former director of the Ohio Arts Council, these patrons "trust the artist's creativity and want to let us see the world through the artist's eyes."
Paragraph７ [ ７ ] can deny that many governments already spend vastly over budget. Moreover, since ２００８, most governments have experienced at least one recession. In this environment, spending on the arts is politically difficult. Taxpayers are dissatisfied with any spending on the arts because they believe it should be used for more urgent purposes such as social welfare, health care, national defense, education, and support for the industry. [ ８ ]. In ２０１５, the English journalist Rupert Christiansen found that, despite the cuts to funding by the British government since ２００９, "the arts sector as a whole has proved admirably successful in finding ways to survive and even flourish."
Paragraph８ [ ９ ]. Indeed, many persuasive arguments urge us to abolish the funding of the arts by the government without delay. Successful cultural institutions and events can usually gain support from the industry via advertising. This is in recognition of success: commercial funds are attracted by popularity. State sponsorship is the reverse of this process - an attempt to pick "winners” based on an administrator's paperwork rather than the verdict of the public. It is as mistaken as old-fashioned state support for future industries and must be discontinued.
Title：Government Support: A Tragedy for the Arts?
Author：Y. Bothur
Website：ー
Date:2018
URL：ー
Reading：
Answer questions [ １ ]–[ ９ ] as indicated.
大問１ 設問１： Which of the following would best fill the gap at [ １ ] in Paragraph１? Answer by filling in the corresponding slot under the number ( １ ) on the mark sheet.
１. execute
２. promote
３. struggle
４. tackle
大問１ 設問２： Of the four institutions mentioned in Paragraph２, which of the following received the least funding from the government? Answer by filling in the corresponding slot under the number ( ２ ) on the mark sheet.
１. Glyndebourne
２. The Metropolitan Museum of Art
３. The Metropolitan Opera of New York
４. The New York Public Library
大問１ 設問３： Which of the following would best fill the gap at [ ３ ] in Paragraph３? Answer by filling in the corresponding slot under the number ( ３ ) on the mark sheet.
１. applies
２. encourages
３. follows
４. obliges
大問１ 設問４： Which of the following would best fill the gap at [ ４ ] in Paragraph４? Answer by filling in the corresponding slot under the number ( ４ ) on the mark sheet.
１. disagreements about proper applications
２. discouragement and despair
３. increased governmental funding
４. the rejection of artistic innovations
大問１ 設問５： Which of the following would best fill the gap at [ ５ ] in Paragraph５? Answer by filling in the corresponding slot under the number ( ５ ) on the mark sheet.
１. celebrated
２. fated
３. future
４. present
大問１ 設問６： Which of the following best fills the gap at [ ６ ] in Paragraph６? Answer by filling in the corresponding slot under the number ( ６ ) on the mark sheet.
１. from public criticism
２. from taxation
３. to become famous
４. to experiment
大問１ 設問７： Which of the following would best fill the gap at [ ７ ] in Paragraph７? Answer by filling in the corresponding slot under the number ( ７ ) on the mark sheet.
１. All
２. None
３. Some
４. We
大問１ 設問８： Which of the following best fills the gap at [ ８ ] in Paragraph７? Answer by filling in the corresponding slot under the number ( ８ ) on the mark sheet.
１. Additionally, artists and politicians are insisting on accountability.
２. Moreover, governments cannot afford to pay artists.
３. Further, culture is less important than social welfare.
４. What is more, the arts do seem to be adaptable.
大問１ 設問９： Which of the following best fills the gap at [ ９ ] in Paragraph８? Answer by filling in the corresponding slot under the number ( ９ ) on the mark sheet.
１. Artistic questions are rarely rational
２. Funding levels should clearly be maintained
３. It is a very difficult question
４. The time to act is now
質問と回答