早稲田大学 スポーツ 傾向対策解答解説 2018

早稲田大学スポーツ科学部の過去問の解答・解説・全訳です。受験生の入試対策のためにプロ家庭教師が出題傾向を分析・解説します。

早稲田大学スポーツ科学部への合格対策カリキュラムをプロ家庭教師に指導依頼できます。

【大学】：早稲田大学
【学部】：スポーツ科学部
【年度】：２０１８年


【大問】：１
【形式】：適語補充＋文章理解
【表題】：運動はどのようにして新しい言語を習得を助けるか　How Exercise Could Help You Learn a New Language
【作者】：ニューヨークタイムズ　TheNewYorkTimes
【対策】：説明文。長文を読み進めながら適語補充し、まとめて内容理解が問われます。大問１・大問２・大問３は同じ形式となります。内容は、現代のスポーツに統一されています。運動が学習にどのような影響があるのか、脳科学の知見を紹介しています。学術的な視点から、スポーツの理解が求められています。
【用語】：運動　記憶　語学学習　実験
【目安時間】：３０分
【初出】：2017　NewYorkTimes

【大問】：２
【形式】：適語補充＋文章理解
【表題】：減量の罠 あなたのダイエットはなぜうまくいかないか　The Weight Loss Trap Why Your Diet Isn’t Working
【作者】：タイム　Time
【対策】：説明文。長文を読み進めながら適語補充し、まとめて内容理解が問われます。大問１・大問２・大問３は同じ形式となります。内容は、現代のスポーツに統一されています。アメリカでのダイエット運動がどのように普及・発展していったのかが論じられています。社会と健康増進活動との関係の理解が求められています。
【用語】：運動　ダイエット　健康商品
【目安時間】：３０分
【初出】：2017　Time

【大問】：３
【形式】：適語補充＋文章理解
【表題】：セリーナ・ウィリアムズ 黒人女性はどのようにして賃金格差を縮小できるか　Serena Williams How Black Women Can Close the Pay Gap
【作者】：フォーチュン　Fortune
【対策】：随筆文。長文を読み進めながら適語補充し、まとめて内容理解が問われます。大問１・大問２・大問３は同じ形式となります。内容は、現代のスポーツに統一されています。プロテニス選手のセリーナ・ウィリアムスによる政治的な意見が掲載されています。現代のスポーツ選手・芸能人などの社会的な影響力の理解が求められています。
【用語】：運動　選手　アスリート　インタビュー
【目安時間】：２０分
【初出】：2017　Fortune

【大問】：４
【形式】：適語補充
【表題】：ー
【作者】：ー
【対策】：文法問題。文章に適切な動詞・前置詞・副詞・冠詞を補充します。特に冠詞の英文法の知識は押さえておきたいです。難易度は易しく、基礎的な文法書で十分に対応できますので、全問正解が狙えます。
【用語】：熟語　構文　英文法
【目安時間】：５分
【初出】：

【大問】：５
【形式】：適語補充
【表題】：ー
【作者】：ー
【対策】：文法問題。文に誤りを見つける形式です。誤りがない文も出題されますので、英文法のていねいな理解が求められます。
【用語】：誤文指摘　構文　英文法
【目安時間】：５分
【初出】：

Read the following passage and answer the questions below.


①　Learning a second language as an adult is difficult. But the process may be eased if you exercise while learning. A new study reports that working out during a language class amplifies people's ability to memorize, retain, and understand new vocabulary. The findings provide more evidence that to engage our minds, we should move our bodies.

②　In recent years, a wealth of studies in both animals and people have shown that we learn differently if we also exercise. Lab rodents given access to running wheels create and maintain memories better than animals that are sedentary, for instance. And students consistently perform better on academic tests if they participate in some kind of physical activity during the school day. Many scientists suspect that exercise alters the biology of the brain in ways that make it more malleable and receptive to new information, a process that scientists refer to as plasticity. But many questions have remained unanswered about movement and learning, including whether exercise is most beneficial before, during or after instruction, and how much and what types of exercise might be best.

③　So for the new study, which was published recently in an open-access journal called PLOS One, researchers in China and Italy decided to home in on language learning and the adult brain. Language learning is interesting. As young children, almost all of us picked up our first language easily. We didn't have to be formally taught; we simply absorbed words and concepts. But by early adulthood, the brain generally begins to lose some of its innate language capability. It displays less plasticity in areas of the brain related to language. As a result, for most of us, it becomes harder to learn a second language after childhood.

④　To see what effects exercise might have on this process, the researchers first recruited 40 college-age Chinese men and women who were trying to learn English. The students had some facility with this second language but were far from proficient. The researchers then divided the students into two groups. Those in one group would continue to learn English as they had before, primarily while seated in rote vocabulary-memorization sessions. The others would supplement these sessions with exercise. Specifically, the students would ride exercise bikes at a gentle pace (about 60 percent of their maximum aerobic capacity) beginning 20 minutes before the start of the lessons and continuing throughout the 15 minutes or so of instruction. Both groups learned their new vocabulary by watching words projected onto large screens, together with comparable pictures, such as "apple" and the image of a Red Delicious. They were shown 40 words per session, with the sequence repeated several times.

⑤　Afterward, the students all rested briefly and then completed a vocabulary quiz, using computer keys to note as quickly as possible whether a word was with its correct picture. They also responded to sentences using the new words, marking whether the sentences were accurate or, in the case of "The apple is a dentist," nonsensical. Most linguists feel that understanding sentences shows greater mastery of a new language than does simple vocabulary improvement.

⑥　The students completed eight vocabulary sessions over the course of two months. And at the end of each lesson, the students who had ridden bikes performed better on the subsequent vocabulary tests than did the students who sat still. They also became more proficient at recognizing proper sentences than the sedentary students, although that difference did not emerge until after several weeks of instruction.

⑦　Perhaps most interesting, the gains in vocabulary and comprehension lingered longest for the cyclists. When the researchers asked the students to return to the lab for a final round of testing a month after the lessons — without practicing in the meantime - the cyclists remembered words and understood them in sentences more accurately than did the students who had not moved. “The results suggest that physical activity during learning improves that learning," says Simone Sulpizio, a professor of psychology and linguistics at the University Vita-Salute San Raffaele in Milan, Italy, and a study co-author. These improvements extend beyond simply aiding in memorization, she added. The exercise also deepened language learners' grasp of how to use their newly acquired words.

⑧　This study involved college students performing relatively light exercise, though, and cannot tell us whether other people completing other types of exercise would achieve the same results. It also offers no clues about what is occurring inside the brain that might be contributing to the benefits of the exercise. But many past studies have shown that exercise prompts the release of multiple neurochemicals in the brain that increase the number of new brain cells and the connections between neurons, Dr. Sulpizio says. These effects improve the brain's plasticity and augment the ability to learn.

⑨　From a real-world standpoint, the study's implications might seem at first to be impractical. Few classrooms are equipped with stationary bicycles. But specialized equipment is probably unnecessary, Dr. Sulpizio says. "We are not suggesting that schools or teachers buy lots of bicycles," she says. "A simpler take-home message may be that instruction should be flanked by physical activity. Sitting for hours and hours without moving is not the best way to learn."



(1) Choose the best way to complete the sentences about Paragraphs ① to ⑨.

1. In Paragraph ① the writer mainly
2. In Paragraph ② the writer mainly
3. In Paragraph ③ the writer mainly
4. In Paragraph ④ the writer mainly
5. In Paragraph ⑤ the writer mainly
6. In Paragraph ⑥ the writer mainly
7. In Paragraph ⑦ the writer mainly
8. In Paragraph ⑧ the writer mainly
9. In Paragraph ⑨ the writer mainly

A. analyses the limitations of the study and addresses how the findings can be applied to the educational environment.

B. compares the results of the vocabulary tests of the students who engaged in physical activity and
those who remained sedentary.

C. defines the concept of plasticity and examines how it is applied to the process of language
learning during various stages in life.

D. describes the characteristics of the people who participated in the study, how they were classified into groups, and how each group learned new vocabulary.

E. discusses how animals and people learn differently if they participate in physical activities while they learn.

F. explains what kinds of tests were used in order to examine the effects exercise might have had on the process of language learning.

G. expresses doubt about an opinion from an expert explaining the biological mechanism that contributes to the benefits of exercise.

H. highlights the gap between what we know and do not know about the relationship between exercise and learning.

I. presents a common view among linguists that understanding sentences demonstrates greater mastery of a new language.

J. presents a comparative view of plasticity by describing our changing language abilities during and after childhood.

K. summarizes the limitations of the study that constrain the generalizability of the research findings.

L. summarizes the scope, main points, and implications of the study introduced in the passage.

M. supports the idea that the cyclists not only memorized new words better but also retained the knowledge longer.


(2) Choose the best way to complete each of these sentences.

1. It is difficult for adults to learn a second language because
A. adult brains experience a decrease in plasticity
B. adult brains lose their innate capability to memorize
C. they have already learned their first language
D. they no longer have to attend formal education


2. In the study, 40 participants were divided into two groups and
A. both of them continued their sessions for more than two months
B. neither group learned new vocabulary with comparable pictures
C. one of the two had exercise before and during memorization
D. only those in one group included fluent English speakers


3. A weakness of the study mentioned in the passage is that
A. it does not address the unreasonable cost of equipment
B. it does not take gender difference into account
C. it is difficult to generalize from the findings
D. its findings are consistent with those of past research



(3) Choose the best way to complete each of these sentences, which relates to the underlined words.

1. Here “malleable" in paragraph ② means
A. acceptable.
B. adaptable.
C. consistent.
D. stringent.

2. Here "proficient" in paragraph ④ means
A. credible.
B. feeble.
C. fluent.
D. persistent.

解答

（１）
１　L
２　H
３　J
４　D
５　F
６　B
７　M
８　K
９　A　

（２）
１　A
２　C
３　C
　　
（３）
１　B
２　C

解説

（１）
A.　実験の限界を分析し、その知見をどのように教育環境に適用できるかを述べている。
B.　身体活動に参加している学生と座りきりなままの学生の語彙テストの結果を比較している。
C.　可塑性の概念を定義し、人生のさまざまな段階での言語習得の過程にどのように適用されるかを調査している。
D.　研究に参加した人々の特徴、彼らがどのように集団に分類されたか、そして各集団がどのように新しい語彙を学んだかを説明している。
E.　もし学習しながら身体活動に参加したら、動物と人間がどのように異なって学ぶかについて議論している。
F.　運動が言語学習の過程に及ぼす影響を調査するために、どのような種類の試験が用いられたかを説明している。
G.　運動の利益に寄与する生物学の仕組みを説明する専門家からの意見について疑いを表明している。
H.　運動と学習の関係について私たちが知っていることと知らないこととの間の距離を強調している。
I.　文の理解は新しい言語のより高度な習得を示すという言語学者の間の共通の見解を示している。
J.　幼少期とその後での言語能力の変化を描写することによって、可塑性の対比的な見解を提示している。
K.　実験結果の一般化をを制限する実験の限界を要約している。
L.　文章で紹介された実験の範囲、要点、そして示唆を要約している。
M.　自転車に乗った人間が新しい単語をよりよく暗記するだけでなく、その知識をより長く保持するという考えを支持している。


（２）
１　A　参照　But by early adulthood, the brain generally begins to lose some of its innate language capability. It displays less plasticity in areas of the brain related to language. As a result, for most of us, it becomes harder to learn a second language after childhood

２　C　参照　The others would supplement these sessions with exercise. Specifically, the students would ride exercise bikes at a gentle pace (about 60 percent of their maximum aerobic capacity) beginning 20 minutes before the start of the lessons and continuing throughout the 15 minutes or so of instruction.

３　C　参照　This study involved college students performing relatively light exercise, though, and cannot tell us whether other people completing other types of exercise would achieve the same results.

（３）
１　B　adaptable　調節可能な
２　C　fluent　流暢な




【sedentary】
セダントリーは、寝たきりや座りきりのように、運動しない生活を指します。現代社会の生活では、身体を用いる場面が変化しており、例えば、家のソファでテレビを見てばかりの生活や、職場のコンピューターで作業をしてばかりの労働などが、セダントリーな状態として想定されています。セダントリーな状態が慢性的になると、身体へどのような影響が生じるのか、さまざまな調査がありますが、いずれも悪影響があると示唆されています。

【augment】
augmentは増強するという意味です。すでに存在するものの特徴を強化します。現実の映像にコンピューターのデータを付加する技術はAR(augmented reality　強化された現実) と呼ばれています。

【plasticity】
plasticityは可塑性(かそせい)という意味です。可塑性は、物が変形して、その形状を保存しておける性質のことです。物がただ変形するだけなら、柔らかい物になりますが、物が変形してそのままの形状を保てる物は、可塑性があります。なお、工業原料のプラスチック(plastic)はもともと｢可塑性があり加工しやすい｣という意味になります。




【重要表現】
a wealth of A　豊富なA
home in on A　Aに狙いを定める
facility　腕前・能力
nonsensical　意味をなさない

全訳

以下の文章を読んで、以下の質問に答えてください。

①　第二言語を大人として学ぶことは難しい。しかし、学習中に運動すると、その過程は緩和されるかもしれない。新しい研究では、語学の授業の間に運動することは、人々の新しい語彙を暗記し、保持し、理解する能力を増幅させることを報告している。この発見は、私たちが精神を集中するためには、私たちの体を動かすべきだという証拠を提供する。

②　近年、動物と人の両方の豊富な研究は、私たちが運動をすれば、私たちは異なる方法で学ぶことを、示している。走行車輪が利用できる実験動物のネズミたちは、例えば、座りきりな動物よりも記憶を創成し、維持する。また、学業中に何らかの身体運動に参加すると、学生はより良い成績を一貫して修めている。多くの科学者は、運動が脳の生物学を変化させ、新しい情報をより柔軟にして受容する方法であると考えている。その過程は、科学者が可塑性と呼んでいる。しかし、多くの問題は、運動が学習の前、途中、後に最も有益かどうか、どのくらいの運動が最もよいかなど、運動や学習について未だに答えられていない。

③　最近、PLOS Oneと呼ばれるオープン・アクセス・ジャーナルに掲載されたこの新しい研究では、中国とイタリアの研究者が語学学習と成人の脳に狙いを定めることに決めた。語学学習は面白い。幼い子供たちのように、ほとんどの人は自分の最初の言語を簡単に手に入れた。正式に教える必要はなかった。私たちは単に言葉や概念を吸収した。しかし、成人期の初期には、脳は一般的にその本来の言語能力の一部を失い始める。言語に関連する脳の領域の可塑性が低下する。その結果、私たちのほとんどは、幼少の後に第二言語を学ぶのが難しくなる。

④　運動がどのような効果を持つかを理解するために、研究者はまず英語を学ぶ40人の大学生くらいの年齢の中国系の男性と女性を募集した。生徒たちはこの第二言語をいくらか利用できたが、熟練してはいなかった。研究者は、その後、学生を2つの集団に分けた。1つの集団に属する人は、主に暗記の言葉記憶の演習の間に座りながら、以前と同じように英語を学ぶ。他方は、これらの演習が運動で補強される。具体的には、穏やかなペース（最大エアロビクス能力の約60％）で運動用自転車に乗り、授業開始20分前から始まり、指導の間も15分ほど続ける。両方の集団は、大きな画面に投影された｢りんご｣という言葉とレッドデリシャスの写真のような比較される画像を見ることによって、新しい語彙を学んだ。彼らは、演習ごとに40語を示され、反復は数回繰り返された。

⑤　その後、生徒はすべて短く休み、コンピューターのキーを使って、単語が正しい写真とともにあるかどうかをできるだけ早く記述するという語彙クイズを完成させた。彼らはまた、新しい単語を用いた文にも反応して、文章が正確であるか、あるいは「リンゴは歯科医である」のように無意味であるかどうかを記入した。ほとんどの言語学者は、文章を理解することは、単純な語彙数の改善よりも、新しい言語の習熟度が高いと感じている。

⑥　生徒は2ヶ月間の講義で8つの語彙演習を完了した。そして、各授業の終わりには、自転車に乗っていた学生は、座ってじっとしていた学生よりも、その後の語彙試験でより良い結果を出した。彼らはまた、座りきりの学生よりも、適切に文章を認識することにより熟達していたが、その差は数週間の指導の後までは現れなかった。

⑦　最も興味深いのは、語彙や読解力の向上は、自転車に乗っていた生徒にとって最も長く続いたことかもしれない。研究者は学生に、その間に練習することなく、講義の一ヶ月の後に指導の最終回のために研究所に戻ってくるように要求したとき、自転車に乗った生徒は、動かなかった学生よりも、言葉を思い出し、文章の中で正確に理解した。「この結果は、学習中の身体活動がその学習を改善することを示唆している」とイタリアのミラノにあるビタ・サルート・サン・ラファエロ大学の心理学と言語学の教授であり、共同研究者でもあるシモーネ・スルピジオ（Simone Sulpizio）は言う。この改善は、ただ記憶を助けることを超えて延長していると、彼女は付け加えた。運動は、語学学習者が新たに獲得した言葉をどのように使用するかの理解も深めた。

⑧　この研究では、比較的軽い運動をする大学生が関わっているが、しかしながら、他の種類の運動を完了した他の人間が同じ結果を達成するかどうかはわからない。また、運動の恩恵を受けているであろう脳内で何が起こっているかについても手がかりを与えていない。しかし、過去の多くの研究では、脳内に複数の神経化学物質の放出が促され、新しい脳細胞の数やニューロン間のつながりが増すことが示されていると、スルピジオ博士は述べている。これらの効果は脳の可塑性を改善し、学習能力を高める。

⑨　現実の視点からは、この研究の示唆は最初は実用的でないように見えるかもしれない。固定式の自転車を備えた教室はほとんどない。しかし、専門機器はおそらく不要だろうと、スルピジオ博士は言う。 「学校や教師が自転車をたくさん買うことを示唆しているわけではない」彼女は言う。「より単純なお持ち帰りの伝言は、授業は身体活動の前後に配置されるべきだということだ。何時間も何時間も、１つも動かずに座っていることは、最も良い学習方法ではない」

Read the following passage and answer the questions below.

Dieting has been an American preoccupation since long before the obesity epidemic took off in the 1980s. In the 1830s, Presbyterian minister Sylvester Graham touted a vegetarian diet that excluded spices, condiments, and alcohol. At the turn of the 20th century, it was fashionable to chew food until liquefied, sometimes up to 722 times before swallowing, thanks to the advice of a popular nutrition expert named Horace Fletcher. Lore has it that at about the same time, President William Howard Taft adopted a fairly contemporary plan — low fat, low calorie, with a daily food log — after he got stuck in a White House bathtub.

The concept of the calorie as ( 1 ) had been studied and shared in scientific circles throughout Europe for some time, but it wasn't until World War I that calorie counting became de rigueur in the U.S. Amid global food shortages, the American government needed a way to encourage people to cut back on their food intake, so it issued its first ever "scientific diet" for Americans, which had calorie counting at its core.

In the following decades, when being rail-thin became ever more desirable, nearly all dieting advice stressed meals that were low calorie. There was the grapefruit diet of the 1930s and the cabbage-soup diet of the 1950s.

The 1960s ( 2 ) the beginning of the massive commercialization of dieting in the U.S. That's when a New York housewife named Jean Nidetch began hosting friends at her home to talk about their issues with weight and dieting. Nidetch was a self-proclaimed cookie lover who had struggled for years to slim down. Her weekly meetings helped her so much — she lost 72 lb. in about a year — that she ultimately turned those living-room gatherings into a company called Weight Watchers. When ( 3 ) in 1968, she and her co-founders became millionaires overnight. Nearly half a century later, Weight Watchers remains one of the most commercially successful diet companies in the world, with 3.6 million active users and $1.2 billion in revenue in 2016.

What most of these diets had in common was an idea that is still popular today: eat fewer calories and you will lose weight. Even the low-fat craze that kicked ( 4 ) in the late 1970s — which was based on the intuitively appealing but incorrect notion that eating fat will make you fat - depended on the calorie counting model of weight loss. (Since fatty foods are more calorie-dense than, say, plants, logic suggests that if you eat less of them, you will consume fewer calories overall, and then you'll lose weight.)

That's not what happened when people went low fat, though. The diet trend coincided with weight gain. In 1990, adults with obesity made up less than 15% of the U.S. population. By 2010, most states were reporting obesity in 25% or more of their populations. Today that has swelled to 40% of the adult population. For kids and teens, it's 17%.

Research conducted by Kevin Hall, a scientist at the National Institute of Health (NIH), is beginning to explain why. As demoralizing as his initial findings were, they weren't altogether surprising: more than 80% of people with obesity who lose weight gain it back. That's because when you lose weight, your resting metabolism (how much energy your body uses when at rest) slows down — possibly an evolutionary holdover from the days when food scarcity was common.

For the 2.2 billion people around the world who are overweight, Hall's findings can seem like a formula for failure — and, at the same time, scientific vindication. They show that it's indeed biology, not simply a lack of willpower, that makes it so hard to lose weight. The findings also make it seem as if the body itself will sabotage any effort to keep weight off in the long term.

But a slower metabolism is not the full story. Despite the biological ( 5 ), there are many people who succeed in losing weight and keeping it off. Hall has seen it happen more times than he can count. The catch is that some people appear to succeed with almost every diet approach — it just varies from person to person.

Understanding what it is about a given diet that works for a given person remains the holy grail of weight-loss science. But experts are getting closer.



(1) Choose the ONE way to complete each of these sentences that is NOT correct according to the passage.


1. In America,
A. people who want to lose weight have not only been interested in what they eat but in how they eat.
B. modern ways of dieting were already known before the First World War.
C. a New York housewife established a company that helps people who are fighting obesity and trying to lose weight.
D. some people seem to be successful with any diet method only because they maintain their firm
determination in dieting.


2. Dieting
A. commonly means eating low-fat and low-calorie food to keep weight off.
B. was a matter of government concern because it had to provide people with enough food.
C. had never been a social issue before calorie counting was introduced after World War I in America.
D. sometimes stimulates normal physical reactions that eventually result in failure.


3. Rebound weight gain may be due to
A. our genetic and ancestral legacy from the pre-historic past.
B. the biological and unavoidable response of our body.
C. Our resting metabolism that slows down when we don't have enough food.
D. our sense of accomplishment that stimulates our brains to react.


4. Hall's findings
A. were the key to understanding why dieting often results in weight gain.
B. were not very surprising because they were biologically reasonable.
C. were revolutionary because they were statistically proved and had been commonly believed to be true.
D. suggested that dieting is more difficult than we think because of the effects of our biology.


5. The author writes that
A. in America many people are obsessed with the idea that they should be slim.
B. eating low-calorie food such as vegetables is the very best way of dieting.
C. dieting sometimes gives people a business opportunity to build up a large fortune.
D. the best way of dieting for a particular person has not been identified even today.


(2) Choose the ONE option that best fits each of the blanks ( 1 ) to ( 5 ) in the passage.

1.
A. a unit of energy
B. a unit of food
C. a unit of nutrition
D. a unit of obesity

2.
A. became
B. gave
C. saw
D. took

3.
A. it went easy
B. it went public
C. it went shares
D. it went steady

4.
A. off
B. on
C. out
D. over

5.
A. advantages
B. failures
C. matters
D. odds


(3) Choose the best way to complete each of these sentences, which relates to the underlined words and phrases.

1. Here "Lore has it” means
A. people find.
B. people know.
C. people remember.
D. people say.

2. Here "de rigueur" means
A. controversial.
B. regulated.
C. reliable.
D. standard.

3. Here "ultimately" means
A. aggressively.
B. eventually.
C. positively.
D. unwillingly.

4. Here “demoralizing” means
A. amazing.
B. debasing,
C. discouraging.
D. disregarding.

5. Here "the holy grail" means
A. a cradle.
B. a motivation.
C. a mystery.
D. an aspiration.

解答

(１)
１　B
２　C
３　D
４　C
５　B

(２)
１　A
２　C
３　B
４　A
５　D

(３)
１　D
２　D
３　B
４　C
５　D

(１)
１　B　but it wasn't until World War I that calorie counting became de rigueur in the U.S. Amid global food shortages
２　C　In the 1830s, Presbyterian minister Sylvester Graham touted a vegetarian diet that excluded spices, condiments, and alcohol.
３　D　They show that it's indeed biology, not simply a lack of willpower, that makes it so hard to lose weight.
４　C　For the 2.2 billion people around the world who are overweight, Hall's findings can seem like a formula for failure — and, at the same time, scientific vindication.
５　B　The catch is that some people appear to succeed with almost every diet approach — it just varies from person to person.

(２)
１　The concept of the calorie as a unit of energy had been studied and shared in scientific circles throughout Europe for some time
２　The 1960s saw the beginning of the massive commercialization of dieting in the U.S.
３　When it went public in 1968, she and her co-founders became millionaires overnight.
４　Even the low-fat craze that kicked off in the late 1970s
５　Despite the biological odds, there are many people who succeed in losing weight and keeping it off

(３)
１　lore とは「伝承・言い伝え」という意味なのでDが正解です。
２　de rigueur とはフランス語で典型のことなのでDが正解です。
３　ultimately とは「究極に」という意味なのでBが正解です。
４　demoralizing とは「意欲を失わせる」という意味なのでCが正解です。
５　holy grail とは「聖杯」のことで「探し求めるもの」という象徴的な意味がありますのでCが正解です。




【Diet】
ダイエットは、もともとは人間が摂取する食物のことです。そこから、食物を制限して、体重を減らす活動につながりました。日本語のカタカナのダイエットは、体重を減らす点に重心が移っていますので、注意が必要です。

【log】
ログは、情報分野では、記録のことです。ログはもともとは木材の丸太を意味しました。木材の丸太で、船の移動の記録を取っていたの、ログは記録も意味するようになりました。

【amid】　
amidは前置詞で、真中にという意味です。amid A でAの真中にという意味です。

【lb】
lb は pound(ポンド)の省略記号です。ヤードポンド法での質量・重さの単位となります。日本の理科では質量・重さの単位としてgram(グラム)を用いていますので、１ポンド=４５３.５９グラムで換算が必要です。
lbは英語のpoundを短縮したものではなくラテン語のlibra(ライブラ)を短縮したものです。libraは天秤で、物の重量を測定する道具として、古代ローマで用いられました。イギリス通貨ポンドの記号は£ですが、これもLibraの短縮形に由来しています。.

【oz】
oz は ounce(オンス)の省略記号です。ヤードポンド法での質量・重さの単位となります。日本の理科では質量・重さの単位としてgram(グラム)を用いていますので、１オンス＝２８．３４９５グラム、１６オンス＝１ポンド＝４５３.５９グラムの換算となります。ozは古代ローマのonzaを短縮したものです。

【the holy grail】
聖杯は、西洋の円卓の騎手の物語に登場する神器で、｢探し求めるべきもの｣を意味します。


【重要表現】
Presbyterian　キリスト教長老教会
de rigueur　必要不可欠な
odds　勝率
self-proclaimed　自称
demoralize　意欲を失わせる

全訳

以下の文章を読んで、後の質問に答えてください。


１９８０年代に肥満流行が始まったずっと以前から、ダイエットはアメリカの関心事だった。１８３０年代、長老派のシルベスター・グラハム師は、香辛料、調味料、アルコールを含まない菜食主義の食事を提案した。２０世紀の変わり目には、ホレス・フレッチャーという人気の栄養学の専門家の助言のおかげで、食べ物を液化するまで、時には飲み込む前に７２２回まで、噛むことが流行した。噂によると、同時期に、ウィリアム・ハワード・タフト大統領は、ホワイトハウスのバスタブで身動きできなくなった後で、かなり現代的な計画を-------低脂肪、低カロリー、毎日の食事記録とともに-------採用した。

エネルギーの単位としてのカロリーの概念は、しばらくの間ヨーロッパの科学界で研究かつ共有されてきたが、第一次世界大戦までは、アメリカでのカロリー計算は必須ではなかった。世界的な食料不足のなかで、アメリカ政府は人々に食物摂取量を減らすよう奨励する方法を必要としていたので、カロリー計算を核としたアメリカ初の「科学的食生活」を発表した。

次の数十年で、やせ型の体型がますます望ましくなったとき、ほとんどすべてのダイエットの助言は、低カロリーの食事を強調した。１９３０年代にはグレープフルーツダイエットがあり、１９５０年代のキャベツスープダイエットがあった。

１９６０年代には、米国でダイエットの大規模な商品化の始まりが見られた。それは、ニューヨークの主婦ジェーン・ニデッチが、体重と食生活についての問題を話すために彼女の家に友人を迎え始めたときだった。ニデッチは自称クッキー愛好家で、何年もの間、やせるために苦労していた。彼女の毎週の集会は、彼女を大いに助けたので-------彼女は約１年で７２ポンドを減量したので-------彼女はついにそれらの居間の集会をウェイトウォッチャーと呼ばれる会社に変えた。それが１９６８年に公開されたとき、彼女と彼女の共同創設者は一晩で億万長者になった。半世紀近く経った今も、ウェイトウォッチャーは世界で最も商業的に成功しているダイエッ​​ト企業の１つであり、２０１６年のアクティブユーザーは３６０万人、収益は１２億ドルに達している。

これらのダイエットのほとんどが共通して持っていたものは、今日でもまだ人気の発想だ。より少ないカロリーを摂取すると、あなたは体重を減らすだろう。１９７０年代後半に始まった低脂肪の狂騒さえ------それは直感的に訴えるが、脂肪分を食べると肥満になるという誤った考えに基づいていて------減量のカロリー計算モデルに依存していた。(なぜなら脂肪の多い食品は、例えば植物よりも、よりカロリーが濃密なので、その理論はあなたがそれをより少なく食べれば、全体としてより少ないカロリーを消費し、それゆえあなたの体重が減ると提案していた）

しかしながら、それは人々が低脂肪に向かった時に生じたことではない。ダイエットの傾向は、体重増加と一致した。１９９０年には、肥満成人は米国人口の１５％未満を占めていた。２０１０年までに、ほとんどの州がその人口の２５％以上の肥満を報告していた。今日では、成人人口の４０％に膨らんでいる。子供や十代の若者たちの場合は、１７％だ。

国立衛生研究所(NIH)の科学者であるケビン・ホール(Kevin Hall)によって行われた研究は、その理由を説明し始めている。彼の最初の発見は、人々に意欲を減退させたの同じように、まったく驚くべきことではなかった。

世界中の２２億人の太りすぎの人々にとって、ホールの調査結果は失敗の公式のように思えるかもしれないが、そして同時に、科学的な正当性でもある。体重を減らすことをそれほど困難にしているのは、実は生物学であり、それは単に意志力の欠如ではないと示している。この発見はまた、あたかも身体自体が長期的に体重を減らすためのあらゆる努力を妨害するように見せる。

しかし、新陳代謝がより遅くなることだけが、すべての物語ではない。生物学的な不都合にもかかわらず、体重を減らし、それを維持し続けることに成功した多くの人々がいる。ホールはそれが彼が数えることができる回数より多く、起こるのを見た。わかりやすい結論は、一部の人々はほぼすべてのダイエット手法で成功しているように見えるということだ------それはただ人によって異なる。

体重減量の科学にとって、特定の人間に役立つ特定のダイエットについて理解することは、依然として聖杯のままだ。しかし専門家は近づいている。

Read the following passage by professional tennis player Serena Williams and answer the questions below.

Today is Black Women's Equal Pay Day. This day shines a light on the long-neglected fact that the gender pay gap hits women of color the hardest. Black women are 37 cents behind men in the pay gap — in other words, for every dollar a man makes, black women make 63 cents.

I'd like to acknowledge the many realities black women face every day. To recognize that women of color have to work — on average — eight months longer to earn the same as their male counterparts do in one year. To bring attention to the fact that black women earn 17% less than their white female counterparts and that black women are paid 63% of the dollar men are paid. Even black women who have earned graduate degrees get paid less at every level. This is as true in inner cities as it is in Silicon Valley.

Together, we will change the story — but we are going to have to fight for every penny. Growing up, I was told I couldn't accomplish my dreams because I was a woman and, more so, because of the color of my skin. In every stage of my life, I've had to learn to stand up for myself and speak out. I have been treated unfairly, I've been disrespected by my male colleagues and in the most painful times - I've been the subject of racist remarks on and off the tennis court. Luckily, I am blessed with an inner drive and a support system of family and friends that encourage me to move forward. But these injustices still hurt.

I am in the rare position to be financially successful beyond my imagination. I had talent, I worked like crazy, and I was lucky enough to break through. But today isn't about me. It's about the other 24 million black women in America. If I never picked up a tennis racket, I would be one of them; that is never lost on me.

The cycles of poverty, discrimination, and sexism are much, much harder to break than the record for Grand Slam titles. For every black woman that rises through the ranks to a position of power, there are too many others who are still struggling. Most black women across our country do not have the same support that I did, and so they often don't speak out about what is just, fair, and appropriate in the workplace. When they do, they are often punished for it. Unfair pay has prevailed for far too long with no consequence. In many cases, these women are the heads of households. Single mothers. The issue isn't just that black women hold lower-paying jobs. They earn less even in fields of technology, finance, entertainment, law, and medicine.

Changing the status quo will take dedicated action, legislation, employer recognition, and courage for employees to demand more. In short, it's going to take all of us — men and women of all colors, races, and creeds — to realize this is an injustice. And an injustice to one is an injustice to all.

The first step in making a change is recognition. We need to push this issue to the front of conversations so that employers across the U.S. can truly understand that all male and female employees must be compensated equally. Not close. Not almost the same. (　1　).

Recently, I have joined SurveyMonkey's board of directors, with this specific initiative in mind. SurveyMonkey wants to make information accessible so that all of us can make informed decisions. As they say: knowledge is power. As a black female entrepreneur and person in the spotlight, I am trying to figure out how I can move the needle forward and open doors for everyone, no matter the color of their skin. But I want to start with the wage gap.

In celebration of Equal Pay Day for Black Women, I partnered with SurveyMonkey to find out Americans' opinions on the pay gap. The response was powerful. Here are the key findings:

• Sixty-nine percent of black women perceive a pay gap, while just 44% of white men recognize the issue.
• Nearly two-thirds of black women say that major obstacles remain for women in the workplace.
• In addition to gender, black women see obstacles to racial equality: three-quarters of black women workers say there are still significant hurdles holding back minorities.
• Still, some black women remain optimistic: more than 43% of black millennial women believe men and women have equal opportunities for promotion.

While a majority of those surveyed believe that the pay gap is real for both women and minorities, not everyone understands that black workers — specifically women — see more obstacles to racial equality and barriers in the workplace. Data doesn't lie. It just gives a number to the gap women feel every day. It is my hope that I can give a voice to those who aren't heard in Silicon Valley, and the workforce as a whole.

I want to bring my perspective and experiences as an athlete, an entrepreneur, and a black woman to the boardroom and help create a more inclusive environment in this white, male-dominated industry. And I want every woman of color to do the same. Every step forward you take is two steps of progress for womankind. Let today serve as a reminder that we have a voice. We deserve equal pay for our mothers, our wives, our daughters, our nieces, friends, and colleagues — but mostly, for ourselves.

Black women: Be fearless. Speak out for equal pay. Every time you do, you're making it a little easier for a woman behind you. Most of all, know that you're worth it. It can take a long time to realize that.

It took me a long time to realize it. But we are all worth it. I've long said, "You have to believe in yourself when no one else does." Let's get back those ( 2 ).



(1) On the basis of the passage, fill in T for the true statements and F for the false ones.

A. Black women are not unfairly treated in show business in terms of pay.
B. Black women with graduate degrees do not suffer from the pay gap.
C. Nobody doubted that Serena Williams would be successful as a professional tennis player.
D. Serena Williams has been subjected to abuse at work as well as privately.
E. The first thing to be done to end discrimination against black women is awareness-raising.


(2) Choose the best way to complete each of these sentences, which relates to the underlined words in
the passage.

1. Here "speak out” means
A. speak one's opinion continuously.
B. speak one's opinion eloquently.
C. speak one's opinion publicly.
D. speak one's opinion sincerely.

2. Here “has prevailed" means
A. has been everywhere.
B. has been neglected.
C. has been problematic.
D. has been talked about.

3. Here "creeds” means
A. ages.
B. faiths.
C. orientations.
D. ranks.

4. Here "initiative” means
A. ability.
B. assumption.
C. leadership.
D. plan.

5. Here "inclusive" means
A. not asymmetrical.
B. not competitive.
C. not convergent.
D. not discriminatory.


(3) Choose the ONE option that best fits each of the blanks ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) in the passage.

1.
A. By all means
B. Equally
C. Even more
D. Truly

2.
A. 17%
B. 37 cents
C. eight months
D. every penny

解答

(１)
A　F
B　F
C　F
D　T
E　T

(２)
１　C
２　A
３　B
４　D
５　D

(３)
１　B
２　B

解説

(１)
A　F　This day shines a light on the long-neglected fact that the gender pay gap hits women of color the hardest.
B　F　Even black women who have earned graduate degrees get paid less at every level.
C　F　In every stage of my life, I've had to learn to stand up for myself and speak out. I have been treated unfairly
D　T　I've been disrespected by my male colleagues and in the most painful times - I've been the subject of racist remarks on and off the tennis court.
E　T　In short, it's going to take all of us — men and women of all colors, races, and creeds — to realize this is an injustice

(２)
１　C　speak outは公に話すなのでCが正解です。
２　A　prevailは流通する・普及するなのでAが正解です。
３　B　creedは信条なのでBが正解です。
４　D　initiative先導するなのでDが正解です。
５　D　inclusiveは包括的になのでdiscriminatoryの反対です。Dが正解です。

(３)
１　B　Not close. Not almost the same. Equally.
２　B　37 cents　冒頭に出てきている取り返すべき賃金の不足です。

Choose the ONE word or phrase that best completes the sentence.


1. His speculation bordered on 　　　 absurd.

A. an
B. some
C. the
D. [Nothing is necessary.]


2. She 　　　 me out of selling the painting.

A. advised
B. talked
C. urged
D. warned


3. To become a president of a company, one must 　　　 extraordinary leadership skills and confidence.

A. had
B. have
C. have been had
D. have had


4. Katy will provide financial support for her son to go to university, 　　　 he promises to study hard.

A. however
B. provided
C. unless
D. whether


5. Please don't forget to 　　　 your report when you come back to the office tomorrow.

A. turn in
B. turn off
C. turn out
D. turn up

解答

１　C
２　B
３　B
４　B
５　A

解説

１　border on the absurd　　ばかばかしいという表現です。
２　talk me out of ~ing　　~を説得して辞めさせるという表現です。　
３　普遍的な法則なので現在形を用います。ここでは助動詞が追加されています。
４　provided that A で「もしAするなら」という条件を表現します。ここでは that は省略されています。
５　turn in A　Aを提出する。

Choose the ONE underlined word or phrase in each sentence below that is grammatically INCORRECT.

1. Approximately twenty-five million people in this country suffer serious hearing _(A) loss, and the _(B) likely cause in more than a third of the cases _(C) are too much _(D) exposure to loud noise.


2. Gulliver's Travels, first _(A) published in 1726, _(B) has since _(C) being _(D) translated into over twenty languages.


3. _(A) I would have suggest _(A) that Jack take a rest for a few days _(C) before returning to work, _(D) after climbing in the Himalayas.


4. _(A) Not only did the palm tree _(B) triple in height _(C) but double in wide after _(D) three years of observation.


5. _(A) By far as I am concerned, _(B) the problem with the new apartment _(C) is not its cost _(D) but its inconvenience.

解答

１　C
２　C
３　A
４　C
５　A

解説

１　are ではなく is
２　being ではなく been
３　I would have suggest ではなく I would have suggested
４　wide ではなく width
５　By far as I am concerned ではなく As far as I am concerned