【問題２ 読解問題】
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According to a certain line of thinking, today's college students oppose the very idea of free speech. Those who hold to this premise cite plenty of examples: A Princeton professor canceled his seminar on hateful symbolism after he spoke n-word in class, triggering a student walk-out. At the University of California-Berkeley students protested vociferously when a major right-leaning commentator came to campus. An appearance by Charles Murray, a theorist associated with controversial ideas on race, provoked an
１ at Middlebury College, ending with an assault on Murray and a professor.
The truth is that most students are not, however, out to silence free speech. Since November, the organization PEN America, a nonprofit devoted to defending freedom of speech, has convened four symposia on campus speech at the sites of some of the most pitched controversies: Berkeley, Middlebury, the University of Maryland and the University of Virginia. The debates taking place at these events suggest that what might appear to be a crisis of free speech on college campuses is actually rooted in issues of race and the need for inclusion among students who have long been excluded.
Efforts to quash speech are not the
２ of the battle most of these students are waging. Although speech-suppressing tactics are deeply misguided, they don't negate the legitimacy of other demands which are really at the root of the problem. To
３ commitment to free speech among a diverse generation of students, we must focus on the essence of their grievances and explain why free speech protections are essential, rather than
inimical, to those goals.
A rising population of non-white students brings new expectations about openness and equality on campus. Changing demographics --- the Pew Research Center reports that Hispanic enrollment more than tripled between １９９６ and ２０１２, and black enrollment grew by ７２ percent --- have yielded a critical mass of students more attuned to egalitarianism and insistent on being heard.
Concerns about the state of campus speech are of course valid: At times, the quest for inclusion inspires attempts to bar or punish speech perceived to impugn particular groups. A Knight Foundation survey found an increasing share of college students --- ６１ percent (up from ５４ percent in ２０１６) --- saying they don't think they can speak their minds on campus. Faced with speakers they consider abhorrent, undergrads can be quick to take matters into their own hands, using shouts, jeers and stomps to drown out offenders. Critiques of campus activism often proceed from the misguided assumption that the most vocal students are
coddled products of privilege, too sheltered by their parents to be able to tolerate uncomfortable ideas.
What we actually find is that on many campuses the students at the center of heated controversies are not the helicopter-parented offspring of the upper middle class. In many instances, protests have been led by non-white students, including leaders who do not come from particularly comfortable backgrounds. Their concerns have centered on eradicating persistent manifestations of discrimination that have outlasted decades of efforts at integration: slurs, racist incidents, stereotypes, social segregation, and entrenched norms shaped by and for the privileged. They are asking their universities to reorient their classrooms and communities to serve students of all backgrounds equally more than they are asking for free speech to be curtailed or censored.
Many of today's minority college students have experienced persistent racial and school segregation that can leave them unprepared to forge diverse friendships in college. They run up against barriers to entry and promotion in a professoriate that shapes course catalogues, reading lists and mentoring opportunities. They live with a myriad ways discriminatory attitudes can unconsciously manifest in dorms, encounters with campus security and even at Starbucks. They also grapple with socio-economic disparities that can shut students out of elite campus subcultures and career
on-ramps like unpaid internships.
Compounding the problem, research reveals that most college students have little background in the First Amendment and cannot accurately identify what range of speech it protects. Basic education for all about these precepts, the rationale behind them and the role they have played in historic struggles for civil rights can help bridge those gaps. Students should also be educated about the dangers of empowering governments to police speech --- and how such efforts have historically been exploited to the detriment of social justice causes.
University leaders need to play a dual role: as hosts of forums for the widest range of ideas and as speakers in their own right. It is not enough for college presidents challenged by hate-mongers to
throw up their hands and cry “First Amendment!” as if, after that affirmation, the Constitution then renders them mute. Faced with a planned speech by white-supremacist provocateur Richard Spencer last fall, the University of Florida cleverly allowed him to come to campus but encouraged a loud counter-campaign centered on the hashtag #GatorsNotHaters. Spencer spoke for ９０ minutes before a half empty room, his message overwhelmed by the mass of protesters outside who repudiated him. Offering a model for other schools, Florida deprived Spencer of what was presumably his main goal: the moral victory of claiming that he was wrongfully silenced. This approach allows for free speech but also makes it clear that many disagree with what is being said.
Our pitched battles over diversity, inclusion and free speech on campus — a microcosm of our polarized discourse on these issues in society — are not insoluble. The next generation is dominated by young adults determined to advance their notions of equality and justice, as previous generations have done. One of the greatest, and most often overlooked, dangers to free speech on campus is that it will come to be associated exclusively with those who aim to offend others. If that's the case, we could create a generation of Americans alienated from the principle of free speech, who believe that the protections of the First Amendment don't belong to them. By working to understand these students' life experiences, concerns and demands --- and by demonstrating how those causes are advanced by robust protections for freedom of speech --- we can help ensure that U.S. universities are open to all peoples and to all ideas.
Suzanne Nossel.
You can only protect campus speech if you acknowledge racism
１. Which one of the following words best fits
１ in the passage?
a. assembly
b. appeal
c. inquisition
d. uproar
e. enthusiasm
２. Which one of the following words best fits
２ in the passage?
a. heart
b. heat
c. threshold
d. place
e. end
３. Which one of the following words best fits
３ in the passage?
a. advise
b. entertain
c. instill
d. endure
e. repeal
４. Which one of the following is closest in meaning to the word
inimical?
a. needless
b. obliged
c. favorable
d. unrelated
e. harmful
５. Which one of the following is closest in meaning to the word
coddled?
a. ignored
b. defended
c. spoiled
d. idealistic
e. underachieving
６. Which one of the following is closest in meaning to the word
on-ramps?
a. opportunities
b. placement
c. assurance
d. atonement
e. evolution
７. Which one of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase
throw up their hands?
a. leave out
b. turn out
c. panic
d. give up
e. cheer
８. According to this passage, which THREE of the following are true?
a: Only well-known colleges and universities in the U.S. are facing challenges to free speech on campus.
b. Problems with free speech on campus are difficult to solve but do not reflect the larger problem of free speech within American society.
c. Free speech on campus is an issue which is more important than equality of opportunity.
d. Problems of free speech on campus are related to issues of racial discrimination.
e. The increasing population of minority students on campus has drawn attention to the issue of free speech as a major point of division between different minority groups.
f. Free speech cannot be promoted by silencing people who have extreme ideas.
g. Protests against free speech often come from non-minority students.
h. Hispanic enrollment is now overall slightly higher than black enrolment at U.S. colleges.
i. Many enrolled in U.S. colleges are not familiar enough with the issue of free speech itself.
j. The University of Florida example shows that limiting free speech is not always a bad idea.
k. The next generation of young people on campus remains apathetic toward issues of free speech.
l. Recent studies suggest that almost half of all students feel they cannot speak their minds on campus.
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